The American State Power System (Американская система государственной власти)

 

The American State Power System	Американская система государственной власти (Перевод С. Ярлыкова)
The United States is a constitutional republic. The nation operates as a presidential system also known as a congressional system. The federal government’s power is divided between three branches – the legislative, the executive and the judicial.	США является конституционной республикой. Нация работает как президентская система, также известная как система конгресса. Власть федерального правительства разделена между тремя ветвями - законодательной, исполнительной и судебной.
Legislative Branch. The legislative branch – the Congress – is made up of elected representatives from each of the 50 states. It is the only branch of U.S. government that can make federal laws, levy federal taxes, declare war, and put foreign treaties into effect. Members of the House of Representatives are elected to two-year terms. Each member represents a district in his or her home state. In all, there are 435 representatives in the House. Senators are elected to six-year terms. Each state has two senators, regardless of population. There are 100 senators. To become a law, a bill must pass both the House and the Senate. After the bill is introduced in either body, it is studied by one or more committees, amended, voted out of committee, and discussed in the chamber of the House or Senate. If passed by one body, it goes to the other for consideration. Once both bodies have passed the same version of a bill, it goes to the president for approval.	Законодательная власть. Законодательная власть - Конгресс - состоит из выборных представителей от каждого из 50 штатов. Это единственная ветвь власти США, которая может принимать федеральные законы, собирать федеральные налоги, объявлять войну, и утверждать иностранные договоры. Члены палаты избираются на двухлетний срок. Каждый член палаты представляет район в своем родном штате. Всего есть 435 представителей. Сенаторы избираются на шестилетний срок. Каждый штат имеет двух сенаторов, независимо от численности населения. Всего есть 100 сенаторов. Чтобы закон вступил в силу, законопроект должен быть рассмотрен как в палате представителей, так и в сенате. После того, как законопроект вступает в силу, его изучает один или несколько комитетов, вносят поправки, голосуют в комитете, и обсуждают в парламенте. Если он будет принят одним органом, его проверяет другой орган для рассмотрения. Как только обе палаты проверят законопроект, он идет к президенту для утверждения.
Executive Branch. The chief executive of the United States is the president, who together with the vice president is elected to a four-year term. As a result of a constitutional amendment that went into effect in 1951, a president may be elected to only two terms. Other than succeeding a president who dies or is disabled, the vice president's only official duty is presiding over the Senate. The vice president may vote in the Senate only to break a tie. The president's powers are formidable but not unlimited. As the chief formulator of national policy, the president proposes legislation to Congress. The president may veto any bill passed by Congress. The president is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Within the executive branch, the president has broad powers to issue regulations and directives carrying out the work of the federal government's departments and agencies.	Исполнительная власть. Главой исполнительной власти США является президент, который вместе с вице-президентом избирается на четырехлетний срок. В результате конституционной поправки, которая вступила в силу в 1951 году, президент может быть избран только на два срока. Единственная официальная обязанность вице-президента осуществлять контроль над Сенатом, если президент умирает или становится недееспособным, то в дальнейшем, вице-президент вступает в должность президента. Вице-президент может отдать свой голос «за» или «против» если при голосовании количество голосов будет равным. Полномочия президента огромны, но не безграничны. В качестве главного определяющего национальную политику, президент предлагает законодательство в Конгресс. Президент может наложить вето на любой законопроект, принятый Конгрессом. Президент является верховным главнокомандующим вооруженными силами. В системе исполнительной власти, президент имеет широкие полномочия на издание постановлений и директив для выполнения работы отделов федерального правительства и ведомств.
Judicial Branch. The judicial branch is headed by the U.S. Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution. In addition, Congress has established 13 federal courts of appeals and, below them, about 95 federal district courts. The Supreme Court meets in Washington, D.C., and the other federal courts are located in cities throughout the United States. The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices. With minor exceptions, cases come to the Supreme Court on appeal from lower federal or state courts.	Судебная ветвь власти. Судебная власть возглавляется американским Верховным Судом, являющимся единственным судом, специально созданным конституцией. Кроме того, Конгресс установил 13 федеральных апелляционных судов, низшей инстанции, около 95 федеральных окружных судов. Верховный суд находится в Вашингтоне, округе Колумбия, а федеральные суды находятся в городах на всей территории Соединенных Штатов. Верховный суд состоит из председателя суда и восьми судей. С небольшими исключениями, споры передаются в Верховный суд по апелляции из нижестоящих федеральных судов.

Separation of powers in the United States of America

In the United States of America power is divided between three branches. Each branch has its own area of responsibility, but at the same time each branch monitors the work of the other two branches, and has power to take action if mistakes or misconduct is perceived.

USA Checks and Balances

The US government is divided into three branches: The Executive (The President), The Legislative (Congress) and The Judicial (The Supreme Court). Each branch has its own specific duties. The division of power is part of what is called the system of “checks and balances” which was established to prevent any one single branch from doing anything without the approval or check of at least one of the other two. In this way balance is obtained. This system provides citizens with a comfort that actions and decisions, even as drastic as declaring war, will be discussed, debated and properly approved by the elected officials.

The following video clip (12:05), produced by the US Government, focuses on the history and founding of the US nation. It presents the important rights and responsibilities of US citizenship.

“Checks and Balances”

The three branches, forming a triangular shape, connect with one another, yet have their separate corners. They each have a main role/duties specific to their branch.

• The Executive Branch: The President carries out the laws, and he also proposes and lobbies for new legislation in Congress.
• The Legislative Branch: It is up to Congress to make and pass the laws.
• The Judicial Branch: When a law has been passed, the Supreme Court examines it to control that no part of it is unconstitutional.

No single branch of government can do anything without receiving the approval, or check, of at least one of the other two. In this way balance is obtained. Here are some examples:

• The courts can declare actions of the President, or his/her subordinates, unconstitutional.
• Congress can also check the federal courts. It has the power to remove a judge from office.
• If Congress passes a law that the President does not approve, he/she can block or veto it. However, Congress can override his/her veto, providing that two-thirds of both houses vote against the President.
• The President has executive privilege to withhold information from Congress, and Congress can mount an investigation to obtain information from the President.
• Congress can check the President by removing him/her from office.
• If a war is to be declared, Congress needs to approve. But in an emergency, the President can “press the button”. This is one of the President’s emergency powers.

The system of checks and balances provides citizens with a comfort that actions and decisions, even as drastic as declaring war, will be discussed, debated and properly approved by the elected officials that they have put their faith in.

The US Capitol building in Washington D.C. is home to the legislative branch.

A Triangular-Shaped System

The three branches form a triangle. They are connected but have their separate corners. The Executive Branch includes the President and his Cabinet. Their main role is administrative. The Legislative Branch is the Congress which is made up of elected Senators and Representatives and their main function is to make laws. The Judicial Branch is the Supreme Court and District Courts. They have the responsibility of making sure that decisions and laws are constitutional.

The executive branch

The president is elected by the people as a leader of their country. Since America is a super power, his position carries a great deal of influence around the world. The president is head of the executive branch. The executive branch governs the country and enforces laws. It includes the president, vice president, the Cabinet, and executive departments. The president also appoints people to a number of important offices. The president is often called "the most powerful man in the world", and while there is some truth to that, there are important limits to a president's power.

In order to be able to govern the country, the executive branch has to get approval for the budget. Only Congress can approve the budget. If the country is in a situation abroad where a war might happen, the president may threaten to go to war, but only Congress can declare war. The President may choose a candidate for the Supreme Court, but the candidate must be confirmed by the Senate.

If a president does something wrong he may be impeached. If this is to happen the House of Representatives must first vote to agree that an impeachment trial is to be held. At the trial the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court presides, and a two thirds majority vote in the Senate is required to convict. If convicted the president will no longer be president. Only three US presidents have been impeached, but none have been convicted. President Trump is the only president to have been impeached twice.

Checking and balancing the system of government

The US government is designed so that decisions that get made get checked. It is divided into three 'branches': the Executive branch, the Legislative branch and the Judicial branch. Each branch has its own tasks. By dividing the power in three, no single branch can do anything without the approval or 'check' of at least one of the other two. This system is called "check and balance". This system provides citizens with the comfort that actions and decisions - even declaring war - will be discussed, debated and properly approved by the elected officials.

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