How to Prepare for Exams (Как подготовиться к экзаменам)

 

The most important thing any student can do to prepare for exam is to start early. The days of studying for an exam on the bus going to school are over. Even if you got A's this way, it's not going to work very often with college material. College courses require far more effort.

• Start preparing for the next test the day after you take the prior one. Daily preparation is crucial. At a minimum, review material once every week between exams.

• How much time is needed? The classic question. Some recommend 2-3 hours outside of class for every hour of class time. In some cases homework problems will require this much effort. For a straightforward lecture course try the following:

• Every day before class, preview the material for 15-20 minutes.

• Attend every lecture. Seems simple but it's the biggest mistake students make.

• Take good notes.

• Spend another 20-30 minutes after class going over the notes.

• Use this time to get any confusing points cleared up in your head; much better now than later. This will make later exam prep. MUCH easier.

• Once a week, review the material to get a more complete overview of the information.

Preparing to take an exam:

If you've been keeping up on everything on a daily and weekly basis you're in good shape when it comes time to get serious about preparing for an exam.

The first thing you need is a plan. You need to answer some questions:

• What is my schedule like during the week of the exam?

• Do I have other exams or papers due?

• Will I have all week to prepare or will I have to study over the weekend?

• How many pages of notes are there?

• How many chapters do I have to read?

All of these questions will help you answer one basic one: How much time will I need? The answer will depend on how much work you have done so far. It's a crucial question because the next step will be to come up with a plan.

Start with the day one week before the exam. That's the first day to start studying in earnest. Literally plan out how many hours you will spend each day studying until the exam. Make a schedule and stick with it. Be sure to leave time for group study or review sessions. Also break up the material in to parts and cover a little each day. Consider these questions:

• How much material will I cover each night?

• How much time will I spend studying with a friend?

• When are the review sessions?

• Will the Prof. or TA (TA - teaching assistant - помощник преподавателя, ассистент преподавателя) be available to answer any questions that come up?

Once you have a game plan it's time to get to work. There is no one way to go about this. Remember is important to come up with a system that works for YOU. Here's a suggested plan of action:

Step 1

Get a blank piece of paper and outline the material you need to study. This helps develop a "big picture" overview of the material. Start with big topics and leave room for subtopics. Fill in the information as best as you can. Get another sheet of paper and start over if necessary. Once you see all the units of information in front of you it will be easier to organize your studying. This will help you with the next step.

Step 2

Break the material into smaller chunks and study each one. Only once you understand each one should you move on to the next. Do this part alone in your quiet study place. This is when you start to memorize the information you'll need later. Write down any questions that you may have.

Step 3

The next step is to work with someone else to clarify anything that's confusing. Work with others, go to review sessions, see your tutor, or work with the professor or a TA. At this point it's important to make sure that everything is clearly understood. This is crucial. If this step is skipped then you're left with trying to memorize hundreds of useless factoids. It will never mean anything to you later.

Step 4

Now it's time to put the information into your brain for retrieval (восстановление, возвращение в прежнее состояние, исправление). If you've been working all along you will already remember much of it. Make sure nothing is left out. Many students focus on this step exclusively. It's called cramming. Just say no.

Step 5

This next step is not needed by everyone but it's useful if you are having trouble with the course. You've been studying for hours and hours but, do you really know anything? Try working with someone else who will ask you questions about the material. If you can answer and explain concepts without too much effort then you're in good shape. Usually this help to expose areas that require more attention and study.

Step 6

If the previous step went well then all you have left is to work on weak areas and a general overview the material. If you didn't do well explaining the material you'll need another round of steps 4 and 5. Hopefully you left time for this in your study schedule.

If you planned well and kept up with the work there should be little anxiety the night before an exam. If you started late or waited to get questions answered then you'll be busy the night before. This will add extra stress and you'll likely make stupid errors on the exam. At the very least you'll be more susceptible to getting sick which will worsen your situation.

The only thing that should be going through your mind the night before is a sense of confidence. It's ok to be a little afraid or anxious but not panicky.

Other tips:

• Flashcards - help to memorize facts NOT understanding

• Groups - good to work through difficult material, quiz each other for understanding

• Review sessions - only go to early ones, last minute reviews sometimes cause needless confusion

• Tutors - get help early, waiting till the last minute only fosters aggravation (ухудшение, обострение, усиление, нарастание) and panic

• Professors/TA's (TA - teaching assistant - помощник преподавателя, ассистент преподавателя) - same as above, don't email about material the night before, do it early

https://tinyurl.com/mtjzys6

Holidays in the United States

 

Americans share three national holidays with many countries: Easter Sunday, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day.

Easter, which falls on a spring Sunday that varies from year to year, celebrates the Christian belief in the resurrection of Jesus Christ. For Christians, Easter is a day of religious services and the gathering of family. Many Americans follow old traditions of coloring hard-boiled eggs and giving children baskets of candy.

Christmas Day, December 25, is another Christian holiday; it marks the birth of the Christ Child. Decorating houses and yards with lights, putting up Christmas trees, giving gifts, and sending greeting cards have become traditions even for many non-Christian Americans.

New Year's Day, of course, is January 1. The celebration of this holiday begins the night before, when Americans gather to wish each other a happy and prosperous coming year.

Uniquely American Holidays

Eight other holidays are uniquely American (although some of them have counterparts in other nations). For most Americans, two of these stand out above the others as occasions to cherish national origins: Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July.

Thanksgiving Day is the fourth Thursday in November. The holiday dates back to 1621, the year after the Puritans arrived in Massachusetts, determined to practice their dissenting religion without interference.

After a rough winter, in which about half of them died, they turned for help to neighboring Indians, who taught them how to plant corn and other crops. The next fall's bountiful harvest inspired the Pilgrims to give thanks by holding a feast. The Thanksgiving feast became a national tradition.To this day, Thanksgiving dinner almost always includes some of the foods served at the first feast: roast turkey, cranberry sauce, potatoes, pumpkin pie. Before the meal begins, families or friends usually pause to give thanks for their blessings, including the joy of being united for the occasion.

The Fourth of July, or Independence Day, honors the nation's birthday - the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. It is a day of picnics and patriotic parades, a night of concerts and fireworks.

Besides Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July, there are six other uniquely American holidays: Martin Luther King Day, Presidents' Day, Memorial Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day. While not holidays, two other days of the year inspire colorful celebrations in the United States: February 14, Valentine's Day, and October 31, Halloween.

Read and answer the following questions:

1. What national celebrations in the US do you know?

2. What is your favorite national celebration?

3. Would you like to take part in any foreign national celebration?

https://tinyurl.com/2fsk7v9v

Higher Education in Great Britain

 

After finishing secondary school or college you can apply to a university, polytechnic, college of education or you can continue to study in a college of further education.

The academic year in Britain's universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of education is divided into 3 terms, which usually run from the beginning of October to the middle of December, the middle of January to the end of March, from the middle of April to the end of June or the beginning of July.

There are 46 universities in Britain. The oldest and best-known universities are located in Oxford, Cambridge, London, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Southampton, Cardiff, Bristol and Birmingham.

Good A-level results in at least 2 subjects are necessary to get a place at a university. However, good exam passes alone are not enough. Universities choose their students after interviews. For all British citizens a place at a university brings with it a grant from their local education authority.

English universities greatly differ from each other. They differ in date of foundation, size, history, tradition, general organization, methods of instruction and way of student life.

After three years of study a university graduate will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine, etc. Some courses, such as languages and medicine, may be one or two years longer. The degrees are awarded at public degree ceremonies. Later he/she may continue to take Master's Degree and then a Doctor's Degree.

The 2 intellectual eyes of Britain – Oxford & Cambridge Universities – date from the 12 & 13 centuries. They are known for all over the world and are the oldest and most prestigious universities in Britain. They are often called collectively Oxbridge, but both of them are completely independent. Only education elite go to Oxford and Cambridge.

The Scottish universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen & Edinburgh date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

In the nineteenth and the early part of the twentieth centuries the so-called Redbrick universities were founded. These include London, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Sheffield, and Birmingham. During the late sixties and early seventies some 20 'new' universities were set up. Sometimes they are called 'concrete and glass' universities. Among them are the universities of Sussex, York, East Anglia and some others.

During these years the government set up 30 Polytechnics. The Polytechnics, like the universities, offer first and higher degrees. Some of them offer full-time and sandwich courses [sandwich course курс обучения, чередующий теорию с практикой; сочетание общеобразовательного и профессионального обучения с работой на производстве] (for working students). Colleges of Education provide two-year courses in teacher education or sometimes three years if the graduate specializes in some Particular subjects.

Some of them who decide to leave school at the age of 16 may go to a further education college where they can follow a course in typing, engineering, town planning, cooking, or hairdressing, full-time or part-time. Further education colleges have strong ties with commerce and industry.

There's an interesting form of studies which is called the Open University. It's intended for people who study in their own free time and who 'attend' lectures by watching TV and listening to the radio. They keep in touch by phone and letter with their tutors and attend summer schools. The Open University students have no formal qualifications and would be unable to enter ordinary universities.

Some 80,000 overseas students study at British universities or further education colleges or train in nursing, law, banking or in industry.

Источник: http://schools.keldysh.ru/school1413/eng/egorova_ks/str5.html

Higher Education in Great Britain (UK) is globally renowned for quality, offering diverse Bachelor's (3 yrs), Master's (1-2 yrs), and Doctoral (3+ yrs) degrees through universities and specialist colleges, focusing on research, academic rigor, and employability, with entry usually requiring A-Levels or Foundation courses, and a mix of lectures, seminars, and practicals, attracting many international students despite higher costs. 

Key Features

• Global Reputation: UK universities (like Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial College) are world-ranked, known for high academic standards and innovation.
• Diverse Institutions: Includes ancient universities, modern universities, specialist colleges (art, music), and Further Education Colleges offering HE.
• Flexible Pathways: Offers Bachelor's, Master's, PhDs, plus vocational courses, Foundation Degrees, PGCerts/PGDip, and Degree Apprenticeships.
• Research & Practical Focus: Strong emphasis on research, critical thinking, and practical skills for employability. 

Structure & Duration

• Bachelor's: Typically 3 years (4 in Scotland), often with "sandwich" options including work placements.
• Master's: Usually 1-2 years (taught or research).
• Doctorate (PhD): 3-6+ years of original research. 

Admissions & Entry

• Requirements: Usually A-Levels or equivalent, Foundation Programme, or Access courses for mature students.
• Application: Via UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service) for most, with early application advised due to competition.
• Language: IELTS or equivalent often required for international students (e.g., score 6.0+ for Bachelor's). 

Costs & Funding

• Tuition: Higher for international students; significant costs for tuition and living, though 3-year degrees can balance this.
• Support: Government loans and grants available for UK students. 

Teaching Style

• Lectures, seminars, tutorials, labs, often from October to June. 

The Top 10 Most Controversial Topics

 

Golden Rules of Conversation (Золотые правила ведения беседы)

 

Прочитайте текст, предложите свой перевод, составьте аннотацию, подготовьте устное сообщение по теме, выразите собственную точку зрения, обоснуйте её.

Vocabulary

sidetrack - увести в сторону (дословно - отвести на запасный путь)
restate - формулировать по-другому
build up - делать имя, создавать репутацию
draw out - выявлять, обнаруживать вызывать на разговор; выпытывать
hinge (on / upon) - вращаться вокруг (чего-л.): The story hinges on the relationship between the two sisters. - В центре сюжета - отношения двух сестёр.

Connecting with others through conversation is a great way to be happy. Follow these timeless tips for being a good conversationalist.

1. Avoid unnecessary details.

Don’t sidetrack. For example, if the time something happened isn’t important, don’t waste time getting it right.

2. Don’t ask another question before the first one has been answered.

If you ask how someone’s children are, don’t jump in with your family health before she has answered.

3. Do not interrupt another while he is speaking.

Also, try to make your story short, giving the other person a chance to speak and not interrupt.

4. Do not contradict, especially if it’s not important.

You are inserting unnecessary details into the person’s story. “The person who contradicts, frequently restates the matter in another way.”

5. Do not do all the talking.

Ask questions to find out what you both have in common.

6. Don’t always be the hero of your story, however, the story should have a hero.

Build up others as well as yourself.

7. Choose a subject of mutual interest.

Draw the person’s interests out and don’t “hinge the conversation on politics when it should be on potatoes or on poetry.”

8. Be a good listener.

You will naturally become one if you follow the above rules.

9. The conversation should be in harmony with the surroundings.

Do not “talk about cheese when the moon would be a more fitting topic.” Also, don’t discount the appropriateness of silence.

10. Do not exaggerate.

Not everything is “the best,” “the worst,” or “the funniest.”

11. Do not misquote.

“Use the quotation for the occasion; do not make an occasion for the quotation.”

12. Cultivate tact.

Do not be untruthful, but also don’t feel the need to be hurtful. Do not say someone looks unwell, sick, or tired. This will do nothing to further conversation and only make the person uncomfortable. Don’t hint at it either by asking if she had a long night. Remember silence is an option. “Say the right thing, or say nothing.”

Источник: www.rd.com

Read and answer the following questions:

1. Do you try to follow these rules of conversation?
2. Why is it necessary to be a good listener?
3. Can you keep up a conversation in English?

https://tinyurl.com/3kkzzzhu

Ghost (Привидение)

 

A ghost is said to be the apparition [видение; привидение, призрак] of a dead person. They are usually seen to be similar in appearance to that person, and are often encountered in places he or she frequented [часто посещать, бывать], or in association with the person's former belongings. The word "ghost" may also refer to the spirit or soul of a deceased person, or any spirit or demon. Ghosts are often associated with hauntings [жить, обитать; являться (о привидении)], which is, according to the Parapsychological Association, "the more or less regular occurrence of paranormal phenomena associated with a particular locality (especially a building) and usually attributed to the activities of a discarnate [безтелесный] entity; the phenomena may include apparitions, poltergeist disturbances [волнения, беспорядки], sounds of footsteps and voices, and various odors [запах (обычно неприятный)]."

Ghosts are a controversial [спорный, сомнительный] anomalous phenomenon. According to a poll conducted in 2005 by the Gallup Organization, about 32% of Americans believe in the existence of ghosts. The term ghost has been replaced by apparition in parapsychology, because the word ghost is deemed [думать; полагать, считать] insufficiently precise.

Historical background The belief in ghosts as souls of the departed is closely related to the ancient concept of animism [анимизм (одушевление явлений природы; вера в существование душ и духов)], which attributed souls to everything in nature, including human beings, animals, plants, rocks, etc. As the nineteenth-century anthropologist James Frazer explained in his classic work, The Golden Bough [сук], souls were seen as the creature within that animated body:

"If a man lives and moves, it can only be because he has a little man or animal inside, who moves him. The animal inside the animal, the man inside the man, is the soul. And as the activity of an animal or man is explained by the presence of the soul, so the repose [отдых] of sleep or death is explained by its absence; sleep or trance being the temporary, death being the permanent absence of the soul... "

Although the human soul was sometimes symbolically or literally depicted in ancient cultures as a bird or other animal, it was widely held that the soul was an exact reproduction of the body in every feature, even down to clothing the person wore. This is depicted in artwork from various ancient cultures, including such works as the Egyptian Book of the Dead, which shows deceased people in the afterlife appearing much as they did before death, including the style of dress.

Another widespread belief concerning ghosts is that they were composed of a misty, airy, or subtle [тонкий; едва уловимый] material. Anthropologists speculate that this may also stem from early beliefs that ghosts were the person within the person, most noticeable in ancient cultures as a person's breath, which upon exhaling in colder climates appears visibly as a white mist. This belief may have also fostered [благоприятствовать] the metaphorical meaning of "breath" in certain languages, such as the Latin spiritus and the Greek pneuma, which by analogy became extended to mean the soul. In the Bible, God is depicted as animating Adam with a breath.

Although the evidence for ghosts is largely anecdotal, the belief in ghosts throughout history has remained widespread and persistent.

In many historical accounts [сообщение], ghosts were thought to be deceased people looking for vengeance [месть], or imprisoned on earth for bad things they did during life. Most cultures have ghost stories in their mythologies. Many stories from the Middle Ages and the Romantic era rely on the macabre [жуткий] and the fantastic, and ghosts are a major theme in literature from those eras.

Ghost stories date back to ancient times, and can be found in many different cultures.

Many Eastern religious traditions also subscribe to [присоединяться к] the concept of ghosts. The Hebrew Torah and the Bible contain few references to ghosts, associating spiritism with forbidden occult activities. In the New Testament, Jesus has to persuade the Disciples that he is not a ghost following the resurrection. In a similar vein [подобным образом], Jesus' followers at first believe him to be a ghost when they see him walking on water.

Critics of "eyewitness ghost sightings" suggest that limitations of human perception and ordinary physical explanations can account for such sightings; for example, air pressure changes in a home causing doors to slam, or lights from a passing car reflected through a window at night. Pareidolia [парейдолические иллюзии (зрительные иллюзии фантастического содержания)], an innate tendency to recognize patterns in random perceptions, can cause people to believe they have seen ghosts. Reports of ghosts "seen out of the corner of the eye" may be accounted for by the sensitivity of human peripheral vision. According to skeptical investigator Joe Nickell: ...peripheral vision is very sensitive and can easily mislead, especially late at night, when the brain is tired and more likely to misinterpret sights and sounds.

Sound is thought to be another cause of supposed sightings. Frequencies lower than 20 hertz are called infrasound and are normally inaudible, but scientists Richard Lord and Richard Wiseman have concluded that infrasound can cause humans to experience bizarre feelings in a room, such as anxiety, extreme sorrow or even the chills.

Carbon monoxide [угарный газ] poisoning, which can cause changes in perception of the visual and auditory systems, was recognized as a possible explanation for haunted houses as early as 1921.

Another potential explanation of apparitions is that they are hypnagogic [гипнагогический (относящийся к состоянию засыпания, напр. о галлюцинациях)] hallucinations.

The traditional perception of ghosts wearing clothing is considered illogical by some researchers, given the supposed spiritual nature of ghosts, suggesting that the basis of what a ghost is said to look like and consist of is quite dependent on preconceptions made by society. Skeptics also say that, to date, there is no credible scientific evidence that any location is inhabited by spirits of the dead.

Источник: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost

Лексика по теме «Футбол» (Football)

 

Игроки
РУССКОЕ НАЗВАНИЕ	ПЕРЕВОД
игрок	player
вратарь / голкипер	goal keeper
защитник	back
полузащитник / хавбек	halfback
чистильщик	sweeper
нападающий / форвард	forward
центральный нападающий / центрфорвард	centre forward
левый нападающий	left wing
правый нападающий	right wing
плеймейкер	playmaker
игрок основного состава	a player in the team
запасной игрок	substitute
сидеть в запасе	to be on the bench

Игра
РУССКОЕ НАЗВАНИЕ	ПЕРЕВОД
судья в поле / рефери	referee
главный судья	main referee
боковой / судья на линии / лайнсмен	linesman
свисток	whistle
начало игры	the kick off
первый тайм	the first half
перерыв	half time
второй тайм	the second half
добавленное время	added time
финальный свисток	the final whistle
мяч	the ball
ворота	the goal
штанга	the goalpost
перекладина	the crossbar
крестовина	the top angle
сетка	the net
мяч в сетке	the ball is in the net
центр поля	the centre spot
центральная линия	the centre line
штрафная площадка	the penalty area
вратарская	the 6 yard box
флажок	the flag
аут	out
мяч в ауте	the ball is out
мяч в игре	the ball is in play
вне игры / офсайд	offside
гол	a goal
забить гол	to score a goal
нет гола	no goal
пенальти / одиннадцатиметровый	penalty kick
бить пенальти	to take a penalty
бить штрафной	to take a free kick
свободный удар	indirect free kick
штрафной удар	free kick
удар от ворот	a goal kick
угловой удар	a corner
подать угловой	to take a corner
бросать из аута	to throw in
вбрасывание	a throw in
счёт	the score
победа	victory
поражение	a defeat
ничья	a draw
стенка	a wall
стенка из пяти человек	a five-man wall
рикошет	a deflection
сделать навес / навесить	to bend the ball

Мастерство игры
РУССКОЕ НАЗВАНИЕ	ПЕРЕВОД
тактика	tactics
тренировка	training
разминка	warming-up
тренировочный процесс	the training process
техника	technique
техническое мастерство	technical skill
дриблинг	dribbling
финт	a dummy
отбор мяча	a tackle
передача / пас	a pass
передать мяч / дать пас	to pass
играть персонально с / опекать	to mark someone
взвинтить темп игры	to speed up the game
прибавить скорости в игре	to speed up the game
снизить темп игры	to slow down the game
играть на контрактаках	to play counterattacking football
играть в открытый футбол	to play open football
играть на удержание счёта	to close the game down
играть в нападении	to play attacking football
играть в защите	to play defensively

Наказания и травмы
РУССКОЕ НАЗВАНИЕ	ПЕРЕВОД
травма	an injury
серьёзная травма	a serious injury
лёгкая травма	a slight injury
замена	a substitution
нарушение правил	a foul
предупреждение	a warning
жёлтая карточка	a yellow card
красная карточка	a red card
удаление	a sending off

Удары
РУССКОЕ НАЗВАНИЕ	ПЕРЕВОД
удар	a kick
прострел	a centre
простреливать	to centre the ball
удар головой	a header
играть головой	to head the ball
игра головой	heading the ball
играть рукой	to handle the ball
игра рукой	handball
принять мяч на грудь	to chest the ball
обработать мяч	to keep the ball
ударить щёчкой	to kick with the inside of the foot
ударить пыром / носком	to toe the ball
ударить пяткой	to backheel
ударить шведкой	to kick with the outside of the foot

Соревнования
РУССКОЕ НАЗВАНИЕ	ПЕРЕВОД
команда	team
тренер	coach
сборная страны	national team
болельщик	a fan
болеть за	to support
чемпионат (России / Италии) по футболу	the (Russian / Italian) football championship
премьер лига	the premier league
первая лига	the first league
чемпионат мира / кубок мира	the world championship / cup
чемпионат / кубок Европы	the European championship / cup

Глоссарий на английском языке

ENGLISH FOOTBALL VOCABULARY
TERM	EXPLANATION
a match	two teams playing against each other in a 90-minute game of football
a pitch	the area where footballers play a match
a referee	the person who makes sure that the players follow the rules. Normally wears a black shirt and shorts, and has a whistle
a linesman (referee's assistant)	the person whose main duty it is to indicate with a flag when the ball has gone out of play or when a player is offside
a goalkeeper	the player in goal who has to stop the ball from crossing the goal-line. The only player who is allowed to handle the ball during open play
a defender	a player who plays in the part of the football team which tries to prevent the other team from scoring goals, e.g. 'Kolo Toure is a defender and plays in defence for Arsenal and Ivory Coast'.
a midfielder	a midfielder - a player who plays mainly in the middle part of the pitch (or midfield), e.g. Michael Essien is a midfielder and plays in midfield for Chelsea and Ghana
an attacker	also called a forward; a player whose duty it is to score goals, e.g. Samuel Eto'o is an attacker and plays in attack for Barcelona and Cameroon
a skipper	the player who leads a team, also called the captain
a substitute	a player who sits on the bench ready to replace another team-mate on the pitch. Can also be used as a verb, e.g. the manager was not happy with his attacker and substituted him after 60 minutes
a manager	the person in charge of a team and responsible for training, new players and transfers. For example, Alex Ferguson is the manager of Manchester United
a foul	a violation of the rules. For example, if a player other than the goalkeeper handles the ball in the penalty box (or penalty area) it is a foul and a penalty is given to the other team
a booking	a yellow card shown to a player by the referee for a serious foul. Two bookings or yellow cards result in a red card or sending-off
full-time	the point of the game when the referee blows the final whistle and the match is over. Normally after 90 minutes and any added injury or stoppage time
injury time	also called stoppage time, added minutes at the end of the regular playing time at half-time or full-time. Entirely at the referee's discretion and normally indicated by an official on the sideline (or touchline)
extra time	if a match has no winner at full-time, 2 x 15 minutes of extra time may be played in some competitions
offside	in a position which is not allowed by the rules of the game, i.e. when an attacking player is closer to the opposing team's goal-line at the moment the ball is passed to him or her than the last defender apart from the goalkeeper
the score	the record of goals that indicates who is winning. The final score is the result that decides who has won the match . Can also be used as a verb, e.g. the attacker scored a beautiful goal
to concede	to allow a goal in, the opposite of scoring a goal. For example, Ghana conceded only four goals in the World Cup qualifying group 2
a goal	a successful attempt at scoring achieved by putting the ball over the goal line into the goal past the goalkeeper. For example, Gyan Asamoah has scored a beautiful goal for Ghana
an own goal	a goal scored accidentally by a member of the defending team that counts in favour of the attacking team
the lead	when a team scores first it is "in the lead", i.e. winning the match at the point of scoring. For example, Fabrice Akwa's early goal gave Angola the lead after 72 minutes but the final score was 1-1 (one all)
an equaliser	a goal that cancels out the opposing team's lead and leaves the match tied or drawn. Can also be used as a verb, e.g. Marouan Chamakh equalised for Morocco after 40 minutes and brought the score level
to win	a match in which a team is victorious and beats the other team. A win normally gives the winning team three points, the losing team does not get any points. More commonly used as a verb, e.g. Brazil won the World Cup in 2002
a draw	a match that ends in a tie, i.e. has no winner or loser. The teams get one point each for a draw. Can also be used as a verb, e.g. Congo drew 0-0 (nil all) with Senegal in June
a defeat	a match that is lost, the opposite of a win. For example, Sudan suffered a home defeat to Zambia in September 2002
to knock out	to eliminate another team from a competition. For example, in the last World Cup Brazil knocked out England in the quarter-finals
a penalty shoot-out	in a knock-out competition, a penalty shoot-out takes place if a match is a draw after full-time or extra-time. Five players from each team take a penalty each, and if the score is still level after that, one player from each team takes a penalty in turn, in order to decide who wins the match
a goal difference	If team A has scored four goals and team B one, the goal difference is three
a head-to-head	a way of deciding which team is ranked higher if two teams are level (or equal) on points. For example, if team A and B both have six points, but team A beat team B in the head-to-head game, team A will be ranked above team B
a play-off	an extra match to decide which of two or more teams should go through to the next round. For example, Australia beat Uruguay on penalties in a play-off to qualify for the World Cup 2006
the away-goal rule	in some competitions, e.g. the UEFA Champions' League, a rule that rewards teams for scoring away from home over two legs (or matches). For example, in 2005 AC Milan beat PSV Eindhoven 2-0 at home (in Milan) but lost 1-3 away in Holland. So both teams had scored three goals and conceded three goals, but because AC Milan had scored a goal away from home it went through to the Champions' League final on the away-goal rule
to kick	to hit something, or somebody, with your foot. In football, the players kick the ball.
to shoot	to kick the ball towards the net at one end of the pitch (the goal) in an attempt to score a goal
the kick-off	the first kick of the game when two players from the same team in the centre circle play the ball and start the match. Also the first kick after half-time or after a goal has been scored
a goal-kick	a kick taken from the 6-yard line by the defending team after the ball has been put over the goal line by the attacking team
a free-kick	the kick awarded to a team by the referee after a foul has been committed against it
a penalty	a free shot at goal from 12 yards (11 metres or the penalty spot) awarded by the referee to a team after a foul has been committed in the penalty area
a corner	a kick from the corner flag awarded to the attacking team when the ball has crossed the gaol-line (or byline) after last being touched by a player of the defending team
a throw-in	a throw is taken from the sideline (or touchline) after the ball has gone out of play. The only time a player can handle the ball without committing a foul
a pass	a kick of the ball from one player to another. Can also be used as a verb, e.g. the defender passed the ball to the midfielder
a cross	a pass from the side of the pitch into the penalty area in an attempt to find an attacker and score a goal. Can also be used as a verb, e.g. the defender crossed the ball into the penalty area
a one-two	a passing move in which player 1 passes the football to player 2, who immediately passes it back to player 1
a header	the "shot" that occurs when a player touches and guides the ball with his or her head. For example, El Hadji Djouf scored with a fine header. Can also be used as a verb, e.g. the defender headed the ball back to the goalkeeper
a backheel	a kick where the ball is hit with the heel (or the back) of the foot. Can also be used as a verb, e.g. Nwankwo Kanu back-heeled the ball to Thierry Henry
to volley	to kick a moving ball from the air before it hits the ground. Can also be used as a noun, e.g. Jay Jay Okocha's beautifully-struck volley beat the goalkeeper at the near post
a clearance	a defensive kick that is intended to put the ball out of danger, e.g. Peter Odemwingie's clearance went out of play for a throw-in
one-touch football	an often admiring reference to a style of football in which a team can pass the ball quickly from one player to another without the need to control it with more than one touch
the long-ball game	an often disapproving reference to a style of football in which a team prefers to play long balls in the hope that an attacking player will get them, flick them on or score
keep possession	to be able to keep the ball and prevent the opposing team from touching it. The opposite of "lose possession" or "give the ball away"
they are dangerous on the counter-attack	referring to a team that can switch quickly from defence to attack and score goals in that way
put eleven men behind the ball	referring to a team that defends with all the players and is not very interested in scoring goals. For example, many visiting teams put eleven men behind the ball and are happy with a 0-0 draw when they play Real Madrid at the Bernabeu stadium
send the keeper the wrong way	refers to the way in which a player can fool the goalkeeper and pretend to shoot at one side of the goal while the ball goes in another direction. This expression is used often during penalties
a clinical finish	referring to a well-placed, controlled shot from a scoring position that ends in a goal. For example, Tunisia's Hatem Trabelsi controlled the pass and scored with a clinical finish
his/her first touch let him/her down	this means a player was unable to control the ball (or pass) with his or her first touch and as a result lost precious time or even possession
they are strong in the air	referring to a team that has a lot of (tall) players who can head the ball very well. As a result, they are strong in the air, may prefer the long-ball game, and score a lot of goals with headers while not conceding any or many headed goals themselves
they have a big physical presence	referring to a team that has a lot of big and physically strong players and, as a result, prefers a very robust style of play. For example, Bolton Wanderers have a big physical presence and are a difficult team to beat in the Premiership
the goalkeeper is quick off his/her line	referring to a goalkeeper who is fast and makes quick (and normally correct) decisions as to when to leave the goal in order to prevent an attacking player from reaching a pass or cross
that shot stung the goalkeeper's palms	referring to a shot on goal that is so hard that the goalkeeper might well have felt pain when he/she stopped it with his/her hands
a prolific goal scorer	referring to a player, normally a striker, who scores or has scored a lot of goals. For example, Henrik Larsson is a prolific goal scorer for Sweden
the foul earned him/her a suspension	referring to a foul that is punished by a yellow or red card and results in the player being banned from playing in the next game(s). For example, the two-footed tackle earned the defender a suspension and he will miss the next game
put it in the back of the net	to score a goal, e.g. Nigeria and Middlesbrough striker Aiyegbeni Yakubu controlled the cross and calmly put it in the back of the net
man on!	shout during a football match to warn a team-mate that a player of the other team is right behind. Often a call to pass the ball quickly
a nutmeg	a trick or technique in which a player passes the ball through an opponent's legs and then collects it from the other side. Can also be used as a verb, e.g. the attacker nutmegged the defender
bang it in the mixer!	a shout to encourage a player to play a long ball into the penalty area (i.e. the "mixer") in the hope that an attacking player will get on the end of it and score
we was robbed	an expression to signal that a defeat was unjust, possibly due to an injustice committed by somebody else. For example, we was robbed by the ref (the referee)
s/he's got a sweet left foot	referring to a player who is very skilful at kicking the ball with her/his left foot (the majority of footballers play with their right foot)
s/he pulled off a great save	referring to a very strong, quick or acrobatic stop of a shot by the goalkeeper
they hit the woodwork	the crossbar or the post of the goal. This expression means a team kicked the ball against the crossbar or post and was very unlucky not to score
they got stuck in	referring to a team whose players showed a lot of determination and fought very hard during a match
s/he ran the defence ragged	referring to an attacking player who made the defence work very hard and made the defenders look uncomfortable or unprofessional
s/he's got a lot of pace	this player is very fast
the goalkeeper made a howler	this means the goalkeeper made a very basic mistake (and probably let in a goal)
to switch play	to change direction of play and pass the ball from one side of the pitch to the other. For example, she switched play from left to right wing (the left-hand side of the pitch to the right-hand-side)
s/he made a nuisance of herself/himself	referring to a player, normally a striker, who fought very hard and used his physical presence to put the defenders under pressure and forced them to make mistakes
it's a game of two halves	an expression referring to the fact that a football match can change unexpectedly over 90 minutes, and especially between the first half and second half of the match

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Источник: http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/vocabulary/football.shtml

Football (Soccer)

Football is one of the world's most popular games. It is played in nearly every country, by everyone from kids in vacant lots and back streets to professional players in giant stadiums. Professional football is watched by billions of people all over the world, and is probably the world's most popular spectator sport.

History

The earliest known form of the game was developed in China around 500 B.C. It was known as cuju ('kick-ball') and was played with a leather ball. The object was to kick the ball into a net stretched between two goal-posts. By 800 A.D. there was a well-organized professional league in China, and similar games were also being played in Korea and Japan.

The earliest form of the game that we know of in Europe was played in England around 1100 A.D. It was played between big teams, sometimes whole villages, on a large field, and the ball could be thrown, kicked, or carried towards the opponent's goal. There were very few rules and games were often wild and rough. The game was repeatedly banned by the authorities because of the violence and injuries it caused.

The modern game first developed in England in the 19th century. The Football Association was set up in 1863 and the 'Laws of the Game' were drawn up in the same year. In 1882 the International Football Association Board (IFAB) was formed, and this organization still oversees the rules of the game. Then FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association) was founded in 1904 to run international competitions. FIFA still runs the World Cup, as well as regional competitions such as the European and Asian Cups.

How the Game Works

The modern game is played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. Players pass the ball to each other by kicking or heading it, with the aim being to score goals by getting the ball into the opponent's goal. The game lasts for two 45-minute halves, and the team scoring the most goals wins. Draws are common, but if a winner has to be found, a game can go into extra time. If the score is still tied after thirty minutes of extra time, a 'penalty shootout' can decide the winner.

In general play, the goalkeeper is the only player who can touch the ball with the hands or arms. All the other players can kick or head the ball only. Players can tackle an opponent in order to get the ball from them, but must do so without pushing or tripping the player. Pushing and tripping, along with other illegal actions such as 'handball' and 'offside', are fouls that can be penalized with a free kick. If a foul is committed in the penalty area near either goal, the referee can award a penalty kick, meaning a player can have a free shot at goal, with only the goalkeeper being allowed to try to block it. If a player commits a more serious offence, such as dangerous play, the referee can issue a yellow card as a warning, or issue a red card, in which case the player is sent off and cannot be replaced by a substitute. Teams are normally allowed three substitutes, which can be used to replace players because of injury, or for tactical reasons.

Источник: http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/sports-football.htm

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