воскресенье, 21 апреля 2024 г.

Earthquake (Землетрясение)

 


What is an earthquake?

An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip [сдвиг] past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault [разлом] or fault plane [плоскость разлома]. The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter [гипоцентр], and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.

Sometimes an earthquake has foreshocks [предвестник землетрясения]. These are smaller earthquakes that happen in the same place as the larger earthquake that follows. Scientists can’t tell that an earthquake is a foreshock until the larger earthquake happens. The largest, main earthquake is called the mainshock. Mainshocks always have aftershocks [толчок после основного землетрясения] that follow. These are smaller earthquakes that occur afterwards in the same place as the mainshock. Depending on the size of the mainshock, aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, and even years after the mainshock!

What causes earthquakes and where do they happen?

The earth has four major layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle [(земная) мантия] and crust [земная кора]. The crust and the top of the mantle make up a thin skin on the surface of our planet. But this skin is not all in one piece – it is made up of many pieces like a puzzle covering the surface of the earth. Not only that, but these puzzle pieces keep slowly moving around, sliding past one another and bumping into each other. We call these puzzle pieces tectonic plates, and the edges of the plates are called the plate boundaries. The plate boundaries are made up of many faults, and most of the earthquakes around the world occur on these faults. Since the edges of the plates are rough, they get stuck while the rest of the plate keeps moving. Finally, when the plate has moved far enough, the edges unstick on one of the faults and there is an earthquake.

Why does the earth shake when there is an earthquake?

While the edges of faults are stuck together, and the rest of the block is moving, the energy that would normally cause the blocks to slide past one another is being stored up. When the force of the moving blocks finally overcomes the friction of the jagged [зазубренный; неровно оторванный] edges of the fault and it unsticks, all that stored up energy is released. The energy radiates outward from the fault in all directions in the form of seismic waves like ripples on a pond. The seismic waves shake the earth as they move through it, and when the waves reach the earth’s surface, they shake the ground and anything on it, like our houses and us!

How are earthquakes recorded?

Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called seismographs. The recording they make is called a seismogram. The seismograph has a base that sets firmly in the ground, and a heavy weight that hangs free. When an earthquake causes the ground to shake, the base of the seismograph shakes too, but the hanging weight does not. Instead the spring or string that it is hanging from absorbs all the movement. The difference in position between the shaking part of the seismograph and the motionless part is what is recorded.

How do scientists measure the size of earthquakes?

The size of an earthquake depends on the size of the fault and the amount of slip on the fault, but that’s not something scientists can simply measure with a measuring tape since faults are many kilometers deep beneath the earth’s surface. So how do they measure an earthquake? They use the seismogram recordings made on the seismographs at the surface of the earth to determine how large the earthquake was. A short wiggly line that doesn’t wiggle [move from side to side] very much means a small earthquake, and a long wiggly line that wiggles a lot means a large earthquake. The length of the wiggle depends on the size of the fault, and the size of the wiggle depends on the amount of slip.

The size of the earthquake is called its magnitude. There is one magnitude for each earthquake. Scientists also talk about the intensity of shaking from an earthquake, and this varies depending on where you are during the earthquake.

Can scientists predict earthquakes?

No, and it is unlikely they will ever be able to predict them. Scientists have tried many different ways of predicting earthquakes, but none have been successful. On any particular fault, scientists know there will be another earthquake sometime in the future, but they have no way of telling when it will happen.

Is there such a thing as earthquake weather? Can some animals or people tell when an earthquake is about to hit?

These are two questions that do not yet have definite answers. If weather does affect earthquake occurrence, or if some animals or people can tell when an earthquake is coming, we do not yet understand how it works.


Источник: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/kids/eqscience.php

17 английских фраз для разговора по душам

 


1. How is that even possible? - Как такое вообще может быть?
2. I don't want to jinx it. - Я не хочу сглазить.
3. It's not a big deal. - Это ерунда, не так уж это и важно.
4. Keep your chin up! - Не унывай, выше нос!
5. Let's clear it up. - Давай все проясним.
6. You can take it from me. - Можешь мне поверить.
7. What are you driving at? - К чему ты клонишь?
8. I need to talk to you about something important. - Мне нужно поговорить с тобой о чем-то важном.
9. I've been feeling really down lately. - В последнее время я чувствую себя очень плохо.
10. I'm going through a tough time right now. - Сейчас у меня трудный период.
11. I just want you to listen. - Я просто хочу, чтобы ты выслушал(а) меня.
12. I appreciate your support. - Я ценю твою поддержку.
13. I'm here for you if you need anything. - Я здесь для тебя, если тебе что-то нужно.
14. Thank you for being understanding. - Спасибо за понимание.
15. I'm struggling to cope with everything. - Мне тяжело справиться со всем этим.
16. I value our friendship/relationship. - Я ценю нашу дружбу/отношения.
17. Let's work through this together. - Давайте вместе разбираться с этим.

Adverbs - 5

 

Forming adverbs

Adverbials of manner

Level: beginner

Adverbs of manner are usually formed from adjectives by adding –ly:

bad > badlyquiet > quietlysudden > suddenly

but sometimes there are changes in spelling:

easy > easilygentle > gentlycareful > carefully

The adverb formed from good is well:

You speak English very well.

Adverbs of manner normally come after the verb:

He spoke angrily.

or after the object:

He opened the door quietly.

Complete the sentences by changing the adjectives (in brackets) into adverbs.



1. 
We lost the football match 4–2 yesterday. I don't think we played 
 (bad) …
2. 
… but the other side played really 
 (good).
3. 
You drive quite 
 (dangerous). I won't be surprised if you have an accident one day!
4. 
'You're late!' said Olga 
 (angry). 'Where have you been?'
5. 
The teacher spoke so 
 (quiet) that the class couldn't hear her.
6. 
This is a very important question. Please think 
 (careful) before you answer.
7. 
In 1483, King Richard III of England 
 (secret) killed his two young nephews.
8. 
The hungry cat looked 
 (greedy) at the chicken on the dinner table.
9. 
When I broke my leg, my friend Pam 
 (kind) offered to do the shopping for me.
10. 
Paulo Coelho is one of my favourite novelists. I think he writes 
 (beautiful).

Can you remember the sentences from the last activity? Write the correct words.

1. 
We lost the football match 4–2 yesterday. I don't think we played 
 ...
2. 
… but the other side played really 
 .
3. 
You drive quite 
 . I won't be surprised if you have an accident one day!
4. 
'You're late!' said Olga 
 . 'Where have you been?'
5. 
The teacher spoke so 
 that the class couldn't hear her.
6. 
This is a very important question. Please think 
 before you answer.
7. 
In 1483, King Richard III of England 
 killed his two young nephews.
8. 
The hungry cat looked 
 at the chicken on the dinner table.
9. 
When I broke my leg, my friend Pam 
 offered to do the shopping for me.
10. 
Paulo Coelho is one of my favourite novelists. I think he writes 
 .


Level: intermediate

If an adjective already ends in -ly, we use the phrase in a …. way to express manner:

silly: He behaved in a silly way.
friendly: She spoke in a friendly way.

A few adverbs of manner have the same form as the adjective:

They all worked hard.
She usually arrives late/early
.
I hate driving fast.

Be careful!

hardly and lately have different meanings from hard and late:


 He could hardly walk. = It was difficult for him to walk.
 I haven't seen John lately. = I haven't seen John recently.

We often use phrases with like as adverbials of manner:

She slept like a baby.
He ran like a rabbit.

Adverbials of manner and link verbs

We very often use adverbials with like after link verbs:

Her hands felt like ice.
It smells like fresh bread.

Be careful!

We do not use adverbs of manner after link verbs. We use adjectives instead:

They looked happy. (NOT happily)
That bread smells delicious. (NOT deliciously)

Use the words to complete the sentences.





1. 
Do you have to drive so 
  • Correctfast
 ? You're making me nervous.
2. 
Have you ever eaten frogs' legs? They taste like 
  • Correctchicken
 .
3. 
I lived in Cairo for more than ten years. I know it like 
  • Correctthe back of my hand
 .
4. 
Is Marie angry with me? She didn't say hello in a very 
  • Correctfriendly
 way.
5. 
Let's get the later bus, at 10.45. We don't want to arrive at the airport too 
  • Correctearly
 .
6. 
This milk doesn't smell very 
  • Correctgood
 . How long has it been in the fridge?
7. 
Why's he dancing in that 
  • Correctsilly
 way? Is he trying to be funny?
8. 
You can always tell what Rod is thinking. You can read him like 
  • Correcta book
 .
9. 
You look really 
  • Correctbad
 ! What time did you go to bed last night?

Can you remember the sentences from the last activity? Write the correct words.

1. 
Do you have to drive 
 ? You're making me nervous.
2. 
Have you ever eaten frogs' legs? They 
 .
3. 
I lived in Cairo for more than ten years. I know it 
 .
4. 
Is Marie angry with me? She didn't say hello 
 .
5. 
Let's get the later bus, at 10.45. We don't want to arrive at the airport 
 .
6. 
This milk doesn't 
 . How long has it been in the fridge?
7. 
Why's he dancing 
 ? Is he trying to be funny?
8. 
You can always tell what Rod is thinking. You can read him 
 .
9. 
You 
 ! What time did you go to bed last night?



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