По способу образования прошедшего неопределенного времени действительного залога (Past Simple Active) и причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle (Participle II)) глаголы делятся на две группы: правильные и неправильные. Правильные глаголы образуют (Past Simple Active и Past Participle путем прибавления к форме инфинитива окончания –ed.
К неправильным глаголам принадлежат глаголы, образующие (Past Simple Active и Past Participle не путем прибавления окончания –ed к инфинитиву, а различными другими способами.
СПОСОБЫ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ОСНОВНЫХ ФОРМ НЕПРАВИЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ | ||||
№ | ПРАВИЛО | INFINITIVE | PAST SIMPLE ACTIVE | PAST PARTICIPLE |
1 | Путем изменения корневого гласного формы инфинитива | to begin to meet | began met | begun met |
2 | Путем изменения корневого гласного и прибавления окончания к форме инфинитива | to speak to give | spoke gave | spoken given |
3 | Путем изменения окончания формы инфинитива | to send to build | sent built | sent built |
4 | У некоторых неправильных глаголов все три формы одинаковы | to cut to put | cut put | cut put |
Четвертой формой глагола называют ing-форму ("инговую" форму глагола - "ing-form"), это может быть причастие настоящего времени (Present Participle) или герундий (Gerund). Поскольку образуется эта форма по общим для всех глаголов правилам, то заучивать ее не надо: надо знать орфографические правила при прибавлении -ing.
Таблица наиболее употребительных неправильных глаголов английского языка
с переводом и транскрипцией
Инфинитив (Infinitive) | Транскрипция | Простое прошедшее время (Past Simple Active) | Транскрипция | Причастие прошедшего времени (Причастие II) (Past Participle) | Транскрипция | Перевод |
be | [ bi ] | was, were | [ wɒz ] [ wɜː ] | been | [ biːn ] | быть |
bear | [ beə ] | bore | [ bɔː ] | born, borne | [ bɔːn ] [ bɔːn ] | нести, родить |
beat | [ biːt ] | beat | [ biːt ] | beaten | [ ˈbiːtən ] | бить |
become | [ bɪˈkʌm ] | became | [ bɪˈkeɪm ] | become | [ bɪˈkʌm ] | стать, сделаться |
begin | [ bɪˈɡɪn ] | began | [ bɪˈɡæn ] | begun | [ bɪˈɡʌn ] | начать |
bend | [ bend ] | bent | [ bent ] | bent | [ bent ] | гнуть |
bet | [ ˈbet ] | bet | [ ˈbet ] | bet | [ ˈbet ] | держать пари |
bind | [ baɪnd ] | bound | [ baʊnd ] | bound | [ baʊnd ] | связать |
bite | [ baɪt ] | bit | [ bɪt ] | bitten | [ ˈbɪtən ] | кусать |
bleed | [ bliːd ] | bled | [ bled ] | bled | [ bled ] | кровоточить |
blow | [ bləʊ ] | blew | [ bluː ] | blown | [ bləʊn ] | дуть |
break | [ breɪk ] | broke | [ brəʊk ] | broken | [ ˈbrəʊkən ] | ломать |
breed | [ briːd ] | bred | [ bred ] | bred | [ bred ] | выращивать, разводить |
bring | [ brɪŋ ] | brought | [ ˈbrɔːt ] | brought | [ ˈbrɔːt ] | принести |
build | [ bɪld ] | built | [ bɪlt ] | built | [ bɪlt ] | строить |
burn | [ bɜːn ] | burnt, burned | [ bɜːnt ] [ bɜːnd ] | burnt, burned | [ bɜːnt ] [ bɜːnd ] | жечь, гореть |
burst | [ bɜːst ] | burst | [ bɜːst ] | burst | [ bɜːst ] | разразиться, взорваться |
buy | [ baɪ ] | bought | [ ˈbɔːt ] | bought | [ ˈbɔːt ] | купить |
cast | [ kɑːst ] | cast | [ kɑːst ] | cast | [ kɑːst ] | кинуть, лить металл |
catch | [ kætʃ ] | caught | [ ˈkɔːt ] | caught | [ ˈkɔːt ] | ловить, поймать |
choose | [ tʃuːz ] | chose | [ tʃəʊz ] | chosen | [ ˈtʃəʊzən ] | выбрать |
come | [ kʌm ] | came | [ keɪm ] | come | [ kʌm ] | прийти |
cost | [ kɒst ] | cost | [ kɒst ] | cost | [ kɒst ] | стоить |
creep | [ kriːp ] | crept | [ krept ] | crept | [ krept ] | ползти |
cut | [ kʌt ] | cut | [ kʌt ] | cut | [ kʌt ] | резать |
deal | [ diːl ] | dealt | [ delt ] | dealt | [ delt ] | иметь дело |
dig | [ dɪɡ ] | dug | [ dʌɡ ] | dug | [ dʌɡ ] | копать |
do | [ duː ] | did | [ dɪd ] | done | [ dʌn ] | делать |
draw | [ drɔː ] | drew | [ druː ] | drawn | [ drɔːn ] | тащить, рисовать |
dream | [ driːm ] | dreamt, dreamed | [ dremt ] [ driːmd ] | dreamt, dreamed | [ dremt ] [ driːmd ] | грезить, мечтать |
drink | [ drɪŋk ] | drank | [ dræŋk ] | drunk | [ drʌŋk ] | пить, выпить |
drive | [ draɪv ] | drove | [ drəʊv ] | driven | [ ˈdrɪvən ] | гнать, ехать |
dwell | [ dwel ] | dwelt | [ dwelt ] | dwelt | [ dwelt ] | обитать, задерживаться |
eat | [ iːt ] | ate | [ et ] | eaten | [ ˈiːtən ] | кушать, есть |
fall | [ fɔːl ] | fell | [ fel ] | fallen | [ ˈfɔːlən ] | падать |
feed | [ fiːd ] | fed | [ fed ] | fed | [ fed ] | кормить |
feel | [ fiːl ] | felt | [ felt ] | felt | [ felt ] | чувствовать |
fight | [ faɪt ] | fought | [ ˈfɔːt ] | fought | [ ˈfɔːt ] | сражаться, драться |
find | [ faɪnd ] | found | [ faʊnd ] | found | [ faʊnd ] | находить |
flee | [ fliː ] | fled | [ fled ] | fled | [ fled ] | бежать, спасаться |
fly | [ flaɪ ] | flew | [ fluː ] | flown | [ fləʊn ] | летать |
forbid | [ fəˈbɪd ] | forbad, forbade | [ fəˈbæd ] [ fəˈbæd ] | forbidden | [ fəˈbɪdən ] | запретить |
foresee | [ fɔːˈsiː ] | foresaw | [ fɔːˈsɔː ] | foreseen | [ fɔːˈsiːn ] | предвидеть |
foretell | [ fɔːˈtel ] | foretold | [ fɔːˈtəʊld ] | foretold | [ fɔːˈtəʊld ] | предсказывать |
forget | [ fəˈɡet ] | forgot | [ fəˈɡɒt ] | forgotten | [ fəˈɡɒtən ] | забыть |
forgive | [ fəˈɡɪv ] | forgave | [ fəˈɡeɪv ] | forgiven | [ fəˈɡɪvən ] | простить |
freeze | [ friːz ] | froze | [ frəʊz ] | frozen | [ ˈfrəʊzən ] | замерзнуть, замораживать |
get | [ ˈɡet ] | got | [ ˈɡɒt ] | got | [ ˈɡɒt ] | получить |
give | [ ɡɪv ] | gave | [ ɡeɪv ] | given | [ ɡɪvən ] | дать |
go | [ ɡəʊ ] | went | [ ˈwent ] | gone | [ ɡɒn ] | идти, уходить |
grind | [ ɡraɪnd ] | ground | [ ɡraʊnd ] | ground | [ ɡraʊnd ] | точить, молоть |
grow | [ ɡrəʊ ] | grew | [ ɡruː ] | grown | [ ɡrəʊn ] | расти |
hang | [ hæŋ ] | hung, hanged | [ hʌŋ ] [ hæŋd ] | hung, hanged | [ hʌŋ ] [ hæŋd ] | висеть, повесить |
have | [ hæv ] | had | [ hæd ] | had | [ hæd ] | иметь |
hear | [ hɪə ] | heard | [ hɜːd ] | heard | [ hɜːd ] | слушать |
hide | [ haɪd ] | hid | [ hɪd ] | hidden | [ ˈhɪdən ] | прятать(ся) |
hit | [ hɪt ] | hit | [ hɪt ] | hit | [ hɪt ] | ударить, попасть |
hold | [ həʊld ] | held | [ held ] | held | [ held ] | держать |
hurt | [ hɜːt ] | hurt | [ hɜːt ] | hurt | [ hɜːt ] | причинить боль |
keep | [ kiːp ] | kept | [ kept ] | kept | [ kept ] | хранить |
know | [ nəʊ ] | knew | [ njuː ] | known | [ nəʊn ] | знать |
lay | [ leɪ ] | laid | [ leɪd ] | laid | [ leɪd ] | класть, положить |
lead | [ liːd ] | led | [ led ] | led | [ led ] | вести |
learn | [ lɜːn ] | learnt, learned | [ lɜːnt ] [ lɜːnd ] | learnt, learned | [ lɜːnt ] [ lɜːnd ] | учить |
leave | [ liːv ] | left | [ left ] | left | [ left ] | оставить |
lend | [ lend ] | lent | [ lent ] | lent | [ lent ] | одолжить |
let | [ let ] | let | [ let ] | let | [ let ] | пустить, дать |
lie | [ laɪ ] | lay | [ leɪ ] | lain | [ leɪn ] | лежать |
light | [ laɪt ] | lit, lighted | [ lɪt ] [ ˈlaɪtɪd ] | lit, lighted | [ lɪt ] [ ˈlaɪtɪd ] | осветить |
lose | [ luːz ] | lost | [ lɒst ] | lost | [ lɒst ] | терять |
make | [ ˈmeɪk ] | made | [ ˈmeɪd ] | made | [ ˈmeɪd ] | делать |
mean | [ miːn ] | meant | [ ment ] | meant | [ ment ] | подразумевать |
meet | [ miːt ] | met | [ met ] | met | [ met ] | встретить |
mistake | [ mɪˈsteɪk ] | mistook | [ mɪˈstʊk ] | mistaken | [ mɪˈsteɪkən ] | неправильно понимать |
misunderstand | [ ˌmɪsˌʌndəˈstænd ] | misunderstood | [ ˌmɪsˌʌndəˈstʊd ] | misunderstood | [ ˌmɪsˌʌndəˈstʊd ] | неправильно понимать |
overcome | [ ˌəʊvəˈkʌm ] | overcame | [ ˌəʊvəˈkeɪm ] | overcome | [ ˌəʊvəˈkʌm ] | преодолевать |
pay | [ peɪ ] | paid | [ peɪd ] | paid | [ peɪd ] | платить |
put | [ ˈpʊt ] | put | [ ˈpʊt ] | put | [ ˈpʊt ] | класть |
read | [ riːd ] | read | [ red ] | read | [ red ] | читать |
ride | [ raɪd ] | rode | [ rəʊd ] | ridden | [ ˈrɪdən ] | ездить верхом |
ring | [ rɪŋ ] | rang | [ ræŋ ] | rung | [ rʌŋ ] | звонить |
rise | [ raɪz ] | rose | [ rəʊz ] | risen | [ ˈrɪzən ] | подняться |
run | [ rʌn ] | ran | [ ræn ] | run | [ rʌn ] | бежать, течь |
saw | [ ˈsɔː ] | sawed | [ ˈsɔːd ] | sawn, sawed | [ sɔːn ] [ ˈsɔːd ] | пилить |
say | [ ˈseɪ ] | said | [ ˈsed ] | said | [ ˈsed ] | говорить, сказать |
see | [ ˈsiː ] | saw | [ ˈsɔː ] | seen | [ ˈsiːn ] | видеть |
seek | [ siːk ] | sought | [ ˈsɔːt ] | sought | [ ˈsɔːt ] | искать |
sell | [ sel ] | sold | [ səʊld ] | sold | [ səʊld ] | продавать |
send | [ send ] | sent | [ sent ] | sent | [ sent ] | послать |
set | [ set ] | set | [ set ] | set | [ set ] | устанавливать |
sew | [ səʊ ] | sewed | [ səʊd ] | sewed, sewn | [ səʊd ] [ səʊn ] | шить |
shake | [ ʃeɪk ] | shook | [ ʃʊk ] | shaken | [ ˈʃeɪkən ] | трясти |
shine | [ ʃaɪn ] | shone, shined | [ ʃɒn ] [ ʃaɪnd ] | shone, shined | [ ʃɒn ] [ ʃaɪnd ] | светить, сиять |
shoot | [ ʃuːt ] | shot | [ ʃɒt ] | shot | [ ʃɒt ] | стрелять, давать побеги |
show | [ ʃəʊ ] | showed | [ ʃəʊd ] | shown, showed | [ ʃəʊn ] ʃəʊd ] | показывать |
shrink | [ ʃrɪŋk ] | shrank | [ ʃræŋk ] | shrunk | [ ʃrʌŋk ] | сокращаться, сжиматься |
shut | [ ʃʌt ] | shut | [ ʃʌt ] | shut | [ ʃʌt ] | закрывать |
sing | [ sɪŋ ] | sang | [ sæŋ ] | sung | [ sʌŋ ] | петь |
sink | [ sɪŋk ] | sank | [ sæŋk ] | sunk | [ sʌŋk ] | тонуть |
sit | [ sɪt ] | sat | [ sæt ] | sat | [ sæt ] | сидеть |
slay | [ sleɪ ] | slew | [ sluː ] | slain | [ sleɪn ] | убивать |
sleep | [ sliːp ] | slept | [ slept ] | slept | [ slept ] | спать |
slide | [ slaɪd ] | slid | [ slɪd ] | slid | [ slɪd ] | скользить |
smell | [ smel ] | smelt, smelled | [ smelt ] [ smeld ] | smelt, smelled | [ smelt ] [ smeld ] | пахнуть, нюхать |
speak | [ spiːk ] | spoke | [ spəʊk ] | spoken | [ ˈspəʊkən ] | говорить |
spend | [ spend ] | spent | [ spent ] | spent | [ spent ] | тратить, проводить |
spit | [ spɪt ] | spat, spit | [ spæt ] [ spɪt ] | spat, spit | [ spæt ] [ spɪt ] | плевать |
split | [ splɪt ] | split | [ splɪt ] | split | [ splɪt ] | расщепить |
spread | [ spred ] | spread | [ spred ] | spread | [ spred ] | распространяться |
spring | [ sprɪŋ ] | sprang | [ spræŋ ] | sprung | [ sprʌŋ ] | скакать, пружинить |
stand | [ stænd ] | stood | [ stʊd ] | stood | [ stʊd ] | стоять |
steal | [ stiːl ] | stole | [ stəʊl ] | stolen | [ ˈstəʊlən ] | украсть |
stick | [ stɪk ] | stuck | [ stʌk ] | stuck | [ stʌk ] | уколоть, приклеить |
sting | [ stɪŋ ] | stung | [ stʌɡ ] | stung | [ stʌɡ ] | ужалить |
stink | [ stɪŋk ] | stank, stunk | [ stæŋk ] [ stʌŋk ] | stunk | [ stʌŋk ] | вонять |
strike | [ straɪk ] | struck | [ strʌk ] | struck | [ strʌk ] | ударить, бить, бастовать |
strive | [ straɪv ] | strove | [ strəʊv ] | striven | [ ˈstrɪvən ] | стараться |
swear | [ sweə ] | swore | [ swɔː ] | sworn | [ swɔːn ] | клясться, браниться |
sweep | [ swiːp ] | swept | [ swept ] | swept | [ swept ] | мести, промчаться |
swim | [ swɪm ] | swam | [ swæm ] | swum | [ swʌm ] | плыть |
swing | [ swɪŋ ] | swung | [ swʌŋ ] | swung | [ swʌŋ ] | качаться |
take | [ teɪk ] | took | [ tʊk ] | taken | [ ˈteɪkən ] | взять, брать |
teach | [ tiːtʃ ] | taught | [ tɔːt ] | taught | [ tɔːt ] | учить |
tear | [ ˈteə ] | tore | [ ˈtɔː ] | torn | [ ˈtɔːn ] | рвать |
tell | [ tel ] | told | [ təʊld ] | told | [ təʊld ] | рассказывать, сказать |
think | [ ˈθɪŋk ] | thought | [ ˈθɔːt ] | thought | [ ˈθɔːt ] | думать |
throw | [ ˈθrəʊ ] | threw | [ θruː ] | thrown | [ ˈθrəʊn ] | бросить |
tread | [ tred ] | trod | [ trɒd ] | trod, trodden | [ trɒd ] [ ˈtrɒdən ] | ступать |
understand | [ ˌʌndəˈstænd ] | understood | [ ˌʌndəˈstʊd ] | understood | [ ˌʌndəˈstʊd ] | понимать |
wake | [ weɪk ] | woke, waked | [ wəʊk ] [ weɪkt ] | woken, waked | [ ˈwəʊkən ] [ weɪkt ] | просыпаться, будить |
wear | [ weə ] | wore | [ wɔː ] | worn | [ wɔːn ] | носить (одежду) |
weep | [ wiːp ] | wept | [ wept ] | wept | [ wept ] | плакать |
wet | [ wet ] | wet, wetted | [ wet ] [ ˈwetɪd ] | wet, wetted | [ wet ] [ ˈwetɪd ] | мочить, увлажнять |
win | [ wɪn ] | won | [ wʌn ] | won | [ wʌn ] | выиграть |
wind | [ waɪnd ] | wound | [ waund ] | wound | [ waund ] | заводить (механизм) |
withdraw | [ wɪðˈdrɔː ] | withdrew | [ wɪðˈdruː ] | withdrawn | [ wɪðˈdrɔːn ] | взять назад, отозвать |
withstand | [ wɪðˈstænd ] | withstood | [ wɪðˈstʊd ] | withstood | [ wɪðˈstʊd ] | противиться |
write | [ ˈraɪt ] | wrote | [ rəʊt ] | written | [ ˈrɪtən ] | писать |
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