The following mind map visually maps the containers and their usage.
https://tinyurl.com/3939h9rp
aerobics | аэробика |
an athlete | спортсмен |
archery | стрельба из лука |
arrow | стрела |
badminton | бадминтон |
barrel | штанга |
baseball | бейсбол |
basketball | баскетбол |
beach volleyball | пляжный волейбол |
biathlon | биатлон |
billiards | бильярд |
bow | лук |
bowling/ skittles | боулинг/кегли |
boxing | бокс |
canoeing | гребля на каноэ |
car racing | гонки |
chess | шахматы |
climbing | скалолазанье |
club | клюшка |
coach | тренер |
court | корт |
crew | команда |
cricket | крикет |
cross-country skiing / langlauf | бег на лыжах |
cue | кий |
curling | кёрлинг |
cycling | велоспорт |
darts | метание дротиков, дартс |
diving | прыжки в воду |
downhill skiing | горнолыжный спорт |
draughts | шашки |
fencing | фехтование |
figure skating | фигурное катание |
fishing | спортивная рыбалка |
fist ball | ручной мяч |
fitness centre | центр укрепления здоровья |
football/soccer | футбол |
gliding | планеризм |
goal | ворота |
golf | гольф |
googles | очки для подводного плаванья |
gym | гимнастический зал |
gymnastics | гимнастика |
handball | гандбол |
hang gliding | дельтапланеризм |
high jump | прыжки в высоту |
hockey | хоккей |
hurdle race | бег с барьерами |
ice rink | каток |
in-line skating | конькобежный спорт |
instructor | инструктор |
javelin | копье |
jogging | бег трусцой |
judo | дзюдо |
karate | карате |
long jump | прыжки в длину |
martial arts | боевые искусства |
motorbike sports | мотоциклетный спорт |
mountaineering | альпинизм |
national team | сборная страны |
net | сетка |
orienteering | спортивное ориентирование |
parachuting | парашютный спорт |
pole-vaulting | прыжки с шестом |
polo | поло |
puck | шайба |
racetrack | беговая дорожка |
racket | ракетка |
referee | судья |
riding | верховая езда |
ring | ринг |
rowing | гребля |
rugby | рэгби |
running race | состязание в беге |
sailing | парусный спорт |
shooting | стрельба |
shuttlecock | волан |
ski poles | лыжные палки |
skis | лыжи |
snooker | снукер (игра на бильярде) |
sports ground | спортивная площадка |
stadium | стадион |
stick | хоккейная клюшка |
swords | мечи, шпаги |
team | команда |
to break a record | побить рекорд |
to compete in a championship | участвовать в чемпионате |
to draw a game | свести игру вничью |
to lose the competition | проиграть соревнование |
to score points, goals | набирать очки, забивать голы |
to set records | устанавливать рекорды |
to train | тренироваться |
to win the competition | победить в соревнованиях |
to win the cup | выиграть кубок |
tobogganing | санный спорт |
tournament | турнир |
track-and-field | легкая атлетика |
triathlon | триатлон |
triple jump | тройной прыжок |
tug of war | перетягивание каната |
volleyball | волейбол |
water polo | водное поло |
waterski | водные лыжи |
weight lifting | тяжелая атлетика |
working out | занятия на снарядах |
wrestling | борьба |
Because English is so widely spoken, it has been referred to as a «global language». While English is not an official language in many countries, it is the language most often taught as a second language around the world. It is also, by international treaty, the official language for aircraft/airport communication. Its widespread acceptance as a first or second language is the main indication of its worldwide status.
There are numerous arguments for and against English as a global language. On one hand, having a global language aids in communication and in pooling information (for example, in the scientific community). On the other hand, it leaves out those who, for one reason or another, are not fluent in the global language. It can also lead to a cultural hegemony of the populations speaking the global language as a first language.
A secondary concern with respect to the spread of global languages (including major languages other than English such as Spanish, Chinese, Arabic, etc.) is the resulting disappearance of minority languages, often along with the cultures and religions that are primarily transmitted in those languages. Language death caused by English has been particularly pronounced in areas such as Australia and North America where speakers of indigenous languages have been displaced or absorbed by speakers of English in the process of colonization. The expansiveness of the British and the Americans has spread English throughout the globe.
The major varieties of English in most cases contain several sub varieties, such as Cockney slang within British English, Newfoundland English, and the English spoken by Anglo-Quebecers within Canadian English, and African American English within American English. English is considered a language with no variety being clearly considered the only standard. Because of English's wide use as a second language, English speakers can have many different accents, which may identify the speaker's native dialect or language.
Just as English itself has borrowed words from many different languages over its history, English words now appear in a great many languages around the world, indicative of the technological and cultural influence of English speakers. Several languages have formed on an English base – Tok Pisin was originally one such example. There are a number of words in English coined to describe forms of particular non-English languages that contain a very high proportion of English words – Franglais, for example, is used to describe French with a very high English content (spoken mostly in the border bilingual regions of Quebec).
Read and answer the following questions:
1. What other global languages do you know?
2. Which of the global languages is the most popular one on the Internet?
3. Name the countries where English is an official language.
Anna: Hello, everyone! Today my friend Marsha is at her friend's house. She says it is beautiful. I want to see this house! Here we are!
Anna: Marsha, I am in the kitchen! It is a beautiful kitchen!
Marsha: It is beautiful. We cook in the kitchen.
Anna: I eat in the kitchen.
Marsha: We relax in the living room.
Anna: I relax in the living room. Marsha, let’s go upstairs!
Marsha: Anna? Where are you?
Anna: Marsha, I am in the bathroom! I wash in the bathroom.
Marsha: I am in the bedroom. We sleep in the bedroom.
Anna: I sleep in the bedroom!
Основная задача аббревиатур – это экономия речи и письменного текста. При произношении аббревиатура по времени звучания примерно в пять раз короче соответствующего ей понятия, а при написании экономия еще более впечатляюща. Однако преимущества такой экономии хороши только до тех пор, пока аббревиатуры понятны собеседникам и их переводчику.
Зачастую для устного переводчика, а порой и для письменного, использование аббревиатур в речи или тексте представляет собой определенную сложность. Даже при употреблении широкоизвестных и часто употребляемых сокращений могут возникнуть серьезные вопросы. К примеру, ECAC – European Civil Aviation Conference – Европейская конференция по вопросам гражданской авиации (ЕКГА). Как это сокращение переводить при устном переводе – как указано в словаре – «ЕКГА», или как оно довольно часто звучит даже в речи выступающих по-русски – «ИКАК»? Или AIC – Aeronautical Information Circular – Аэронавигационный информационный циркуляр (АИЦ) - это все-таки «АИЦ» или «АИК», как его часто произносят переводчики? Скорее всего, и в первом и во втором примере большее право на жизнь имеют первые варианты – ЕКГА и АИЦ просто в силу того, что они правильные.
По сферам употребления аббревиатуры можно распределить на несколько довольно объемных направлений деятельности авиации:
Названия организаций, структур, совещаний, например: ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organisation (ИКАО – Международная организация гражданской авиации), ANC – Air Navigation Commission (АНК – Аэронавигационный комитет), SCAA – State Civil Aviation Authority (ГС ГА – Государственная служба гражданской авиации), EANPG – European Air Navigation Planning Group (Европейская группа аэронавигационного планирования - EANPG), RACGAT – Russian-American Coordinating Group for Air Traffic /Control/ (Российско-американская координационная группа по УВД - RACGAT).
Как видно даже из небольшого количества приведенных примеров, английские аббревиатуры имеют различные способы их передачи на русском языке. Так, хотя ИКАО и имеет перевод на русский язык, который тоже мог бы использоваться в виде аббревиатуры, тем не менее, в русском почти полностью (за исключением пары «С» - «К») сохранена транслитерация.
SCAA – один из немногих случаев, когда русское сокращение было переведено на английский язык.
А вот EANPG в русском соответствующей аббревиатуры не имеет. Широко практикуется «перевод» аналогичных сокращений на русский язык в той же фонетической оболочке, в какой они звучат по-английски.
Широко известные и часто употребляемые сокращения, используемые при выполнении полетов, организации воздушного движения и т. д. , например: RVSM – Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (Сокращенный минимум вертикального эшелонирования - RVSM) , ATC – Air Traffic Control (Управление воздушным движением – УВД), AIP – Aeronautical Information Publication (Сборник аэронавигационной информации – САИ/АИП), CNS/ATM – Communications, navigation, and surveillance/air traffic management (Связь, навигация и наблюдение/организация воздушного движения), WGS-84 – World Geodetic System – 1984 (Всемирная геодезическая система –1984).
Хотя этот раздел аббревиатур довольно прост, тем не менее, при его переводе многие сталкиваются с определенными сложностями. В первую очередь это происходит из-за того, что после известных политических изменений в 90-х годах прошлого века развитие русского авиационного языка происходило большей частью вне зоны внимания переводчиков из стран, где русским языком пользоваться перестали. Известно, что при переводе документов ИКАО и других организаций на национальные языки переводчики сталкивались с определенными трудностями, выискивая соответствия в авиационном языке своей республики. Сегодня перед ними также стоит довольно сложная задача; поскольку они привлекаются к переводу многонациональных совещаний с двумя рабочими языками – английским и русским, то опыта, накопленного до 90-х годов, бывает уже недостаточно.
И если перевод речи трудностей практически не вызывает, то аббревиатуры иногда становятся непреодолимой преградой. Так, даже довольно опытные переводчики зачастую путаются в русских аббревиатурах УВД, ОВД, ОрВД, зачастую осуществляя неправильный перевод, который приводит к изменению смысла, потере времени и возникновению недоверия.
УВД – управление воздушным движением, т. е. , ATC – Air Traffic Control; ОВД – обслуживание воздушного движения, т. е. , ATS – Air Traffic Service, а ОрВД – организация воздушного движения, т. е. , Air Traffic Management.
Основным помощником переводчика может являться Документ ИКАО 9713 “International Civil Aviation Vocabulary” («Словарь международной гражданской авиации»), изданный в 1998 году и сменивший Документ 9294 “ICAO Lexicon” («Сборник терминов ИКАО») 1986 года издания.
Аббревиатуры ИКАО, Евроконтроля и ФАА США.
Безусловно, большая часть аббревиатур используется в одинаковом виде как в документах ИКАО, так и Евроконтроля и ФАА США. Однако есть и отличия. В основном эти отличия касаются самих понятий и терминов, но поскольку многие из них используются в сокращенном виде, то заслуживают упоминания. Так, используемое ИКАО и Евроконтролем сокращение ACC – Area Control Centre в американском варианте звучит как ARTCC – Air Route Traffic Control Center.
Другой вариант – одинаковые сокращения в разных организациях означают разные понятия. Так, “CAP” в Евроконтроле это просто “capacity”, а в ИКАО это Continuing Airworthiness Panel (Группа экспертов по сохранению летной годности).
Отдельно стоят сокращения, применяемые при ведении радиотелефонной связи между пилотами и диспетчерами. Они (сокращения) не так многочисленны, и это уже приятно. Поскольку однозначность применяемой фразеологии – это одно из основных требований, то здесь два одинаковых сокращения встретить невозможно. Довольно полный список сокращений можно найти в методическом пособии «Правила и фразеология ведения радиообмена на английском языке между экипажами воздушных и судов и диспетчерами УВД в воздушном пространстве РФ».
И тем не менее, иногда случаются казусы. Из своей летной практики припоминается эпизод, когда штурман после указания диспетчера “Climb to altitude 6000 feet Victor Mike Charlie” судорожно листал сборник в поисках ВОРа с позывными VMC, хотя это означало всего лишь “visual meteorological conditions”. Так не рекомендованное произнесение аббревиатуры диспетчером могло ввести экипаж в заблуждение.
Технические сокращения самый многочисленный и сложный пласт аббревиатур. Чаще всего с ними приходится сталкиваться в письменном переводе, и это предполагает наличие времени на обдумывание и поиск. Искать, скорее всего, предстоит везде – в авиационных и технических словарях, методом опроса знакомых, не очень знакомых и совсем незнакомых людей.
Переводчики, сталкивавшиеся с сообщениями AFTN и SITA, знают, что аббревиатуры в них составляют значительную часть текста. Они начинаются с адресной части, состоящей из восьми букв в протоколе AFTN, и из семи знаков в формате SITA. AFTN, по сути своей являясь сетью для координации по вопросам выполнения полетов и обслуживания воздушного движения, использует общепринятые и хорошо известные сокращения, особенно в сообщениях о движении ВС: MVT – movement, FPL – flight plan, ARR – arrival, DEP – departure, DLA – delay, AFIL – air filed plan, CNL – cancel, и т. д. Наряду с ними используются множество других, например: ISO – instead of, YR – your, ADZ – advise, FLT – flight, N – and, TKS – thanks, BRGDS – best regards.
SITA, решающая большей частью коммерческие задачи, имеет помимо приведенных выше свои аббревиатуры. Это, к примеру, ALL IN – all inclusive, EXCL – excluding, POS – positioning, DEPOS – depositioning, CGO – cargo, PAX – passengers, и другие.
AMANDA AND DAISY: A FRIEND IN NEED?
Amanda and Daisy have been friends since primary school. They're going to a party this weekend... or are they? Their friendship is about to be put to the test!
Listen to Amanda and Daisy's conversation AND learn lots of new phrasal verbs with the second series of Face up to Phrasals. All 12 episodes of Amanda & Daisy: A Friend in Need? are live NOW!
Episode 1: Daisy Quizzes Amanda - GET BACK TO
Daisy: Hey, Amanda, you didn't get back to me about the party. Are you and Johnny coming?
GET BACK TO
Meaning: If you get back to someone, it means that you contact someone to continue an earlier conversation, or reply to a message, question or invitation. You can get back to someone face to face, by text, phone or email.
Grammar: This phrasal verb needs an object. You cannot separate the verb from its particles.
I'll get back to Keith
I'll get back to him
Example sentence: I'm still waiting for Marco to get back to me about the problems with the contracts.
Synonyms: answer, respond, reply, return a call, get in touch with, let someone know
Episode 2: Amanda's ConfessionCOME UP
Meaning: If something comes up, it means that something happens, occurs or appears. It is often something that has to be dealt with straight away.
Grammar: This phrasal verb does not usually have an object. You cannot separate the verb from its particle.
Some problems came up
Example sentence: I was going to apply for the job in Paris, but a better opportunity came up in my own company.
Synonyms: arise, occur, happen, appear, take place, crop up, transpire (formal)_
PLAY AT
Meaning: If you ask someone what they are playing at, it means you are surprised by or unhappy about their behaviour. Although you seem to be asking a question, you do not always expect an answer!
Grammar: Here, this phrasal verb is used in a question structure as an exclamation. It cannot be separated from its particle.
What is he playing at?
What is he playing at, spending so much money?
Example sentence: I don't know what they are playing at, losing all of those computer files.
Synonyms: get up to, think of
CALM DOWN
Meaning: If you calm down, you stop being angry or excited and become more relaxed.
Grammar: This phrasal verb can be used with or without an object. The verb can be separated from its particle. If the object is a pronoun, it must go between the verb and the particle.
He's calmed down
Can you calm the children down?
Can you calm them down?
She calmed down the children (this is rare)
Example sentence: Since you left last month, the situation is getting better and things have calmed down.
Synonyms: relax, quieten down, settle down, ease off, take it easy, subdue
Make up
Meaning: If you and another person make up, it means you renew a relationship after an argument or, misunderstanding. It usually means that you have talked to the person and are on good terms now.
Grammar: This phrasal verb cannot usually be separated from its particle, except by the pronoun it, where it is used to refer to a friendship or relationship.
Jo and Lisa made up
They made up
They made it up
They made up it
Example sentence: I'm so glad that you two have talked about your differences and decided to make up.
Synonyms: repair a friendship, make amends, make good, start over, settle your differences, renew a friendship, bury the hatchet
Freak out
Meaning: If you freak out, you become very upset, excited, angry or crazy about something.
Grammar: This phrasal verb cannot be separated from its particle. If you want to use a pronoun, it must go between the verb and the particle.
She freaked out.
That scary film freaked Sarah out.
That scary film freaked her out.
That scary film freaked out Sarah.
Example sentence: My flatmate freaked out when she got a strange phone call at 2 o'clock in the morning.
Synonyms: be upset, be distressed, be angry, be out of control, be uncontrolled, be / go wild, be / get hysterical
Episode 8: When Amanda Met JohnnyBump into
Meaning: If you bump into someone, you meet them by chance or unexpectedly.
Grammar: This phrasal verb must take an object. You cannot separate the verb from its particle.
We bumped into Sally.
We bumped into her.
We bumped Sally into.
Example sentence: Although we hadn't been in touch for years, it was wonderful to bump into John and Lucy the other day.
Synonyms: meet, see, come across, run into
Go back
Meaning: If you go back (for) years with someone, it means that you have known them for a very long time.
Grammar: This phrasal verb is usually followed by a time expression. The verb and particle can sometimes be separated by an adverb/adverbial phrase.
Luis and Michal go back a really long time.
They go back a long way.
They go a long way back.
They go way back.
Example sentence: You might think that Yuki and Miho are just co-workers in the office, but actually they go back for years...
Synonyms: know well, have a long history (with), have a long acquaintance (with)
Episode 10: Just Shut Up!
Amanda: Will you stop butting in, Daisy! You're not listening to me!
Butt in
Meaning: If you butt in, you rudely interrupt or join in a conversation without waiting for the other person to finish speaking.
Grammar: This phrasal verb does not take an object. You cannot separate this phrasal verb from its particle.
Tim butted in.
Example sentence: I enjoyed talking to Maria so much, but Helena butted in so many times...
Synonyms: interrupt, cut someone short, cut in
Work out
Meaning: If you work out problems, or problems in a relationship it means that you try to find a positive solution to them.
Grammar: The verb and particle can be separated by a noun or pronoun.
Chris and Jane have worked out their problems.
Chris and Jane have worked their problems out.
They've worked their problems out.
They've worked them out.
Example sentence: I thought the project could never succeed, but the team worked out all of the problems.
Synonyms: smooth out, solve, sort out, get to the bottom of, resolve
Get through to
Meaning: If you get through to someone, it means that you explain yourself clearly so that they understand what you are saying.
Grammar: This phrasal verb must be followed by an object. The verb can not be separated from its particles.
Joanne got through to the kids.
Joanne got through to them.
Example sentence: I had a long conversation with John after lunch, and I think I got through to him.
Synonyms: explain, make someone understand, make something clear, clarify
Episodes 1 - 12: Complete audio & scripts
Amanda and Daisy: A friend in need?
Episode 1
Narrator: Episode 1: Daisy quizzes Amanda.
Daisy: Hey Amanda, you didn't get back to me about the party. Are you and Johnny coming?
Narrator: Does Amanda have other plans? Why didn't she reply to Daisy's invitation?!!! Find out in episode 2 of Amanda and Daisy: A Friend in Need?
Episode 2
Narrator: Episode 2: Amanda's Confession. Daisy wants to know if Amanda and Johnny are going to the party.
Amanda: Well, actually, something came up. I don't think I can make the party.
Narrator: Why doesn't Amanda want to go to the party? Doesn't she want to have fun?!
Episode 3
Narrator: Episode 3: Daisy is Angry. Amanda and Daisy are invited to a party, but Amanda says she isn't going. How does Daisy feel about that?
Daisy: What! I told you about this party weeks ago! What are you playing at, Amanda?!
Narrator: Can Daisy control her temper? Will the two friends split up?!!!
Episode 4
Narrator: Episode 4: Amanda Fights Back! Amanda and Johnny are invited to a party, but Daisy is very angry, because Amanda says she isn't going. How does Amanda react to Daisy's anger?
Amanda: Calm down, Daisy, I just have other plans ...
Narrator: Other plans? What other plans? What's Daisy going to say now?
Episode 5
Narrator: Episode 5: Daisy Plays Detective. Amanda and Johnny are invited to a party, but Amanda says she isn't going. Daisy thinks she knows the reason why ...
Daisy: This is about you and Johnny, isn't it? Isn't it time that you two made up?
Narrator: Is Daisy right? Has she discovered the truth about Amanda?
Episode 6
Narrator: Episode 6: What's Going On? Amanda and Johnny are invited to a party, but Amanda says she isn't going. Daisy thinks it's because Amanda has had a fight with her boyfriend.
Amanda: No, it's not that at all ... I just don't feel up to going to the party ...
Narrator: So what exactly is Amanda's problem? Why won't she go?
Episode 7
Narrator: Episode 7: Relax! Amanda doesn't want to go to the party. Daisy thinks that Amanda's having boyfriend problems ...
Daisy: Listen Amanda ... I know Johnny still really likes you, don't freak out about it!
Narrator: Poor Amanda. But is she really having man trouble? Daisy seems to think so!
Episode 8
Narrator: Episode 8: When Amanda Met Johnny. Daisy is worried about Amanda. She thinks Amanda is having problems with her boyfriend Johnny. But what's Amanda's side of the story?
Amanda: Well, actually, the last time I bumped into Johnny, I ignored him because-
Narrator: Because what? What happened? Why did Amanda ignore Johnny?
Episode 9
Narrator: Episode 9: Lessons in Love. Amanda doesn't want to come the party. Daisy thinks that it's because Amanda had an argument with Johnny.
Daisy: Don't worry about a little thing like that! You two go back for years!
Narrator: Is Daisy right? Will Amanda and Johnny stay together? And will they go to the party?
Episode 10
Narrator: Episode 10: Just Shut Up! Amanda's trying to tell Daisy why she doesn't want to come to the party. Daisy thinks it's because Amanda had an argument with Johnny. But what's Amanda's side of the story?
Amanda: Will you just stop butting in, Daisy, you're not listening to me!
Narrator: Ooh, what's up with her? Maybe Daisy should shut up and let Amanda tell her what's going on. Hmmm ...
Episode 11
Narrator: Amanda and Daisy: A Friend in Need? Episode 11: Make Up or Break Up? Amanda is trying to get Daisy to understand why she doesn't want to go to the party. Has Daisy got the message yet?
Daisy: I know you can work things out with Johnny, you were made for each other!
Narrator: Oh Daisy, you're such a romantic! But I'm not sure you're such a good listener ... what on earth will Amanda say next?
Episode 12
Narrator: Episode 12: At Last, the Truth! Amanda is trying to get Daisy to understand why she doesn't want to go to the party, but Daisy just won't listen to her. Can Amanda finally make her understand?
Amanda: I'm just not getting through to you, Daisy! The truth is that I ignored Johnny because I was on a date with MY NEW BOYFRIEND!!!
Narrator: Oh my goodness! No wonder she doesn't want to go to the party! Gosh! Poor Daisy, she was trying to be helpful and get Amanda back together with Johnny, and all the time, Amanda was going out with someone else! Whatever next?!
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