вторник, 27 мая 2025 г.
Ghost (Привидение)
A ghost is said to be the apparition [видение; привидение, призрак] of a dead person. They are usually seen to be similar in appearance to that person, and are often encountered in places he or she frequented [часто посещать, бывать], or in association with the person's former belongings. The word "ghost" may also refer to the spirit or soul of a deceased person, or any spirit or demon. Ghosts are often associated with hauntings [жить, обитать; являться (о привидении)], which is, according to the Parapsychological Association, "the more or less regular occurrence of paranormal phenomena associated with a particular locality (especially a building) and usually attributed to the activities of a discarnate [безтелесный] entity; the phenomena may include apparitions, poltergeist disturbances [волнения, беспорядки], sounds of footsteps and voices, and various odors [запах (обычно неприятный)]."
Ghosts are a controversial [спорный, сомнительный] anomalous phenomenon. According to a poll conducted in 2005 by the Gallup Organization, about 32% of Americans believe in the existence of ghosts. The term ghost has been replaced by apparition in parapsychology, because the word ghost is deemed [думать; полагать, считать] insufficiently precise.
Historical background The belief in ghosts as souls of the departed is closely related to the ancient concept of animism [анимизм (одушевление явлений природы; вера в существование душ и духов)], which attributed souls to everything in nature, including human beings, animals, plants, rocks, etc. As the nineteenth-century anthropologist James Frazer explained in his classic work, The Golden Bough [сук], souls were seen as the creature within that animated body:
"If a man lives and moves, it can only be because he has a little man or animal inside, who moves him. The animal inside the animal, the man inside the man, is the soul. And as the activity of an animal or man is explained by the presence of the soul, so the repose [отдых] of sleep or death is explained by its absence; sleep or trance being the temporary, death being the permanent absence of the soul... "
Although the human soul was sometimes symbolically or literally depicted in ancient cultures as a bird or other animal, it was widely held that the soul was an exact reproduction of the body in every feature, even down to clothing the person wore. This is depicted in artwork from various ancient cultures, including such works as the Egyptian Book of the Dead, which shows deceased people in the afterlife appearing much as they did before death, including the style of dress.
Another widespread belief concerning ghosts is that they were composed of a misty, airy, or subtle [тонкий; едва уловимый] material. Anthropologists speculate that this may also stem from early beliefs that ghosts were the person within the person, most noticeable in ancient cultures as a person's breath, which upon exhaling in colder climates appears visibly as a white mist. This belief may have also fostered [благоприятствовать] the metaphorical meaning of "breath" in certain languages, such as the Latin spiritus and the Greek pneuma, which by analogy became extended to mean the soul. In the Bible, God is depicted as animating Adam with a breath.
Although the evidence for ghosts is largely anecdotal, the belief in ghosts throughout history has remained widespread and persistent.
In many historical accounts [сообщение], ghosts were thought to be deceased people looking for vengeance [месть], or imprisoned on earth for bad things they did during life. Most cultures have ghost stories in their mythologies. Many stories from the Middle Ages and the Romantic era rely on the macabre [жуткий] and the fantastic, and ghosts are a major theme in literature from those eras.
Ghost stories date back to ancient times, and can be found in many different cultures.
Many Eastern religious traditions also subscribe to [присоединяться к] the concept of ghosts. The Hebrew Torah and the Bible contain few references to ghosts, associating spiritism with forbidden occult activities. In the New Testament, Jesus has to persuade the Disciples that he is not a ghost following the resurrection. In a similar vein [подобным образом], Jesus' followers at first believe him to be a ghost when they see him walking on water.
Critics of "eyewitness ghost sightings" suggest that limitations of human perception and ordinary physical explanations can account for such sightings; for example, air pressure changes in a home causing doors to slam, or lights from a passing car reflected through a window at night. Pareidolia [парейдолические иллюзии (зрительные иллюзии фантастического содержания)], an innate tendency to recognize patterns in random perceptions, can cause people to believe they have seen ghosts. Reports of ghosts "seen out of the corner of the eye" may be accounted for by the sensitivity of human peripheral vision. According to skeptical investigator Joe Nickell: ...peripheral vision is very sensitive and can easily mislead, especially late at night, when the brain is tired and more likely to misinterpret sights and sounds.
Sound is thought to be another cause of supposed sightings. Frequencies lower than 20 hertz are called infrasound and are normally inaudible, but scientists Richard Lord and Richard Wiseman have concluded that infrasound can cause humans to experience bizarre feelings in a room, such as anxiety, extreme sorrow or even the chills.
Carbon monoxide [угарный газ] poisoning, which can cause changes in perception of the visual and auditory systems, was recognized as a possible explanation for haunted houses as early as 1921.
Another potential explanation of apparitions is that they are hypnagogic [гипнагогический (относящийся к состоянию засыпания, напр. о галлюцинациях)] hallucinations.
The traditional perception of ghosts wearing clothing is considered illogical by some researchers, given the supposed spiritual nature of ghosts, suggesting that the basis of what a ghost is said to look like and consist of is quite dependent on preconceptions made by society. Skeptics also say that, to date, there is no credible scientific evidence that any location is inhabited by spirits of the dead.
Level 1. Lesson 10: Come Over to My Place
Conversation
Anna: Hi! Today, my friend Ashley, is coming over. I am showing her my new apartment! Oh! That’s Ashley calling.
Перевод и понимание
К уже названным условиям успешной работы переводчика необходимо добавить еще одно – понимание переводчиком исходного текста, его общего смысла, смысла каждого его элемента, каждого слова, причем понимание на всех уровнях текста: от уровня отдельных слов через уровни предложений и сверхфразовых единств до уровня всего текста.
Без адекватного понимания не может быть адекватного перевода. Очень часто причина лексических (и иных) ошибок в переводе лежит именно в непонимании (либо неверном или неполном понимании) исходного материала.
Чтобы избежать таких ошибок, переводчик должен:
- вникать в смысловое содержание, структуру и коммуникативную задачу текста;
- определять главные мысли, акценты, отношения;
- выявлять связи текста с внетекстовыми явлениями, с реальной действительностью;
- учитывать широкий контекст, в том числе и экстралингвистический;
- определять и учитывать стиль/регистр речи, целевую аудиторию (читателей/слушателей);
- исходить из характера ситуации, в которой родился текст, из намерения пишущего/говорящего;
- учитывать коннотации и возможность отхода от словарных значений слов в исходном тексте;
- привлекать (и постоянно расширять и углублять) свои фоновые знания;
- использовать словари, справочники, консультации экспертов;
- проверять все неизвестные ему имена собственные, топонимы и т. п., упоминающиеся в исходном тексте;
- исходить из логики высказывания и всего текста в целом.
Переводчик не должен:
- судить о смысле слова в исходном тексте по его основному значению (или тому единственному значению, что ему известно) либо по первому значению, выделенному в словаре;
- безоговорочно доверять двуязычным словарям, особенно при переводе на иностранный язык (в этом случае необходимо проверять значения, коннотации и реальное употребление слов, используя надежные толковые словари данного языка);
- оставлять непроверенными «сомнительные» случаи и смысловые «неувязки»;
- полагаться только на догадки и интуицию там, где можно проверить их правильность;
- переводить буквально выражения и словосочетания, если их буквальный перевод звучит непонятно, неуклюже или не имеет логической связи с контекстом исходного материала (такие выражения могут оказаться неизвестными переводчику устойчивыми, идиоматическими единицами).
Понятно, что некоторые из этих рекомендаций могут быть выполнены только при переводе письменных текстов, однако большинство из них вполне доступны и, безусловно, полезны и для устных переводчиков.
Залогом верного понимания исходного текста является осознание того, что так называемые «словарные эквиваленты» двух языков нередко обладают разной смысловой структурой. Следует отметить, что несоответствия смысловых структур характерны, прежде всего, для наиболее употребительных слов с большим кругом значений, употреблений и контекстуальных коннотаций.
Часто случаи неверного перевода объясняются именно тем, что переводчик не учитывает разницу в смысловых структурах и в сочетаемости слов, а также позволяет ввести себя в заблуждение так называемым «ложным друзьям переводчика» или же грешит неоправданным буквализмом, который столь же нежелателен, как и неоправданная вольность перевода.
Как буквализм, так и чрезмерная вольность перевода могут быть следствием того, что понимание переводчиком текста (или его внимание к переводимому материалу) ограничивается каким-либо одним или несколькими уровнями этого текста, а не всеми. Зачастую, буквализм бывает следствием того, что переводчик уделяет все свое внимание уровню слов и понимает или думает, что понимает, смысл отдельных слов, переводя их именно как отдельные слова, а не часть органически связанного целого, каковым является текст. В чрезмерно буквальном, дословном (или «пословном») переводе почти не может не быть смысловых, стилистических или иных ошибок, так как переводчик, работающий подобным образом, что называется, «за деревьями леса не видит», т. е. не ощущает взаимного влияния слова и контекста, в котором оно живет.
Неоправданная вольность перевода, в свою очередь, нередко происходит от недостатка понимания переводчиком лексического уровня текста, уровня слов и словосочетаний (или от недостатка внимания к словам и словосочетаниям, составляющим ткань текста). В этом случае, передав общий смысл текста, переводчик может «растерять» в ходе перевода различные, в том числе и важные, нюансы смысла, стилистические и экспрессивные характеристики текста, исказить его коммуникативную задачу и другие признаки, отличающие исходный текст от иных возможных текстов на данную тему.
За примерами различного вида «неадекватностей» перевода, что называется, далеко ходить не надо. Наше телевидение, демонстрирующее огромное количество зарубежных теле- и киноматериалов, является неиссякаемым источником переводческих ошибок, вызванных подобными причинами (а также нередко и полным отсутствием профессионализма, недостаточным знанием иностранного языка и бедностью фоновых знаний переводчиков).
Итак, адекватность перевода подразумевает гораздо больше, чем верно найденные лексические соответствия, и сами эти соответствия зачастую не могут быть верно найдены без учета того широкого спектра факторов и рекомендаций.
Контрольные вопросы
Назовите принципы переводческой стратегии и дайте характеристику пониманию как принципу переводческой стратегии.
Что необходимо для того, чтобы избежать ошибок, связанных с непониманием исходного текста (ИТ)?
Что является залогом верного понимания ИТ?
Литература
Основная
Алексеева И. С. Текст и перевод. Вопросы теории. М.: Междун. отн., 2008.
Бузаджи Д. М., Гусев В. В., Ланчиков В. К., Псурцев Д. В. Новый взгляд на классификацию переводческих ошибок. М., 2009.
Комиссаров В. Н. Теоретические основы методики обучения переводу. М., 1997.
Микоян А. С. Проблемы перевода текстов СМИ. [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: http://evartist.narod.ru/text12/12.htm#з_07
Дополнительная
Крупнов В. Н. Пособие по общественно-политической лексике и официально-деловой лексике. М., 1984.
Миньяр-Белоручев Р. К. Как стать переводчиком. М., 1994.
Шмаков С. Я. Перевод газеты: адекватность на уровне структуры текста // Коммуникативно-стилистические аспекты переводческой деятельности. М., 1994.
Bon Jovi - Livin' on a Prayer (with lyrics)
Bon Jovi - Livin' on a Prayer
Once upon a time
Not so long ago
Tommy used to work on the docks
Union's been on strike
He's down on his luck... it's tough, so tough
Gina works the diner all day
Working for her man, she brings home her pay
For love - for love
She says we've got to hold on to what we've got
'Cause it doesn't make a difference
If we make it or not
We've got each other and that's a lot
For love - we'll give it a shot
Whooah, we're half way there
Livin' on a prayer
Take my hand and we'll make it - I swear
Livin' on a prayer
Tommy's got his six string in hock
Now he's holding in what he used
To make it talk - so tough, it's tough
Gina dreams of running away
When she cries in the night
Tommy whispers baby it's okay, someday
We've got to hold on to what we've got
'Cause it doesn't make a difference
If we make it or not
We've got each other and that's a lot
For love - we'll give it a shot
Whooah, we're half way there
Livin' on a prayer
Take my hand and we'll make it - I swear
Livin' on a prayer
We've got to hold on ready or not
You live for the fight when it's all that you've got
Whooah, we're half way there
Livin' on a prayer
Take my hand and we'll make it - I swear
Livin' on a prayer
Starting Business Еnglish - Деловой английский язык №8. Как показывать посетителям компанию
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https://tinyurl.com/43zcb8ps
воскресенье, 25 мая 2025 г.
Verbs Beginning With Ex. Part 2
- Experiment: to test or try
- Expiate: to absolve of guilt, or to make amends
- Expire: to conclude or die, or to breath out
- Explain: to make something known or understood or demonstrate knowledge or understanding
- Explicate: to describe or analyze
- Explode: to burst or give forth, or suddenly accelerate or increase
- Extinguish: to eclipse, nullify, or quench
- Extirpate: to cut out, destroy, or uproot
- Extol: to glorify or praise
- Extort: to wring from, to obtain from by argument or intimidation
- Extract: to draw out, remove, or select
- Extradite: to deliver a fugitive from one jurisdiction to another
- Extrapolate: to infer, expand on, or predict
- Extravasate: to cause to escape, or to force out (as in surgery)
- Extricate: to free or remove from difficulty, or to distinguish from
- Extrude: to press or push out, or to shape
- Exuberate: to demonstrate unrestrained joy
- Exude: to diffuse or spread out, or to display obviously
- Exult: to rejoice
- Exploit: to utilize, or to take advantage of knowledge
- Explore: to analyze, investigate, or study, or to test or travel
- Export: to carry, remove, or send
- Expose: to make known, to show, or to subject to the elements or to view
- Exposit: see expound
- Expostulate: to discuss or examine
- Expound: to argue, comment, or state
- Express: to force out, to show, or to symbolize, or to offer feelings or opinions or to perform in order to demonstrate artistry and/or communicate creative material
- Expropriate: to deprive of property or take another’s property for one’s own
- Expulse: see expel
- Extend: to put or send out
- Extenuate: to mitigate or to reduce strength or effect
- Exteriorize: to bring out from inside (as in surgery)
- Exterminate: to get rid of or kill
- Externalize: to rationalize, or to make manifest
- Exit: to go out
- Exonerate: to reverse an accusation
- Exorcise: to get rid of an evil spirit or something troublesome
- Expand: to enlarge or spread
- Expatiate: to wander, or to communicate at length
- Expatriate: to banish, or to withdraw from residence or allegiance
Using Verbs Beginning With Ex. Part 1
Verbs starting with "Ex" make for awesome words, and there is such a huge amount it beggars belief. We picked 50 of our favorites, noted down their meanings, and made an awesome list so you can improve and expand your verb usage. It's probably a bit much to take in one go, so why not learn two a day and add them to your grammar armory slowly. Watch out for part 2, which will include another list of exciting "Ex" verbs...oops that was another.
- Excise: to remove by cutting or as if by cutting
- Excite: to arouse or stimulate
- Exclaim: to cry out passionately or vehemently
- Exclude: to bar, or to prevent entrance or inclusion
- Expunge: to destroy or to strike out
- Expurgate: to remove something objectionable
- Exscind: to cut off or out
- Exsert: to throw out
- Exsiccate: to dry
- Extemporize: to improvise
- Excogitate: to devise
- Excommunicate: to bar from membership
- Excoriate: to abrade or censure
- Excuse: to forgive or remove blame from or to justify or make an apology for
- Execrate: to denounce
- Execute: to carry out or perform
- Exacerbate: to make worse
- Exact: to call for and obtain (“exact revenge”)
- Exaggerate: to overemphasize or overstate
- Exalt: to glorify or intensify
- Examine: to inspect, investigate, or scrutinize
- Exasperate: to aggravate or enrage
- Excavate: to remove or expose by digging or as if by digging
- Exceed: to be greater than or to go beyond a limit or normal boundary
- Excrete: to discharge or eliminate
- Excruciate: to torture
- Exculpate: to clear of blame or fault
- Except: to keep out or to object
- Excerpt: to take out or select, especially writing, for other use
- Exchange: to trade
- Exemplify: to embody or make an example of
- Exempt: to set apart or release from a requirement
- Exenterate: to disembowel
- Exercise: to practice, train, or put to use
- Exert: to put forth effort
- Exfoliate: to cast off or remove
- Exhale: to breathe out
- Exhaust: to wear out
- Exhibit: to show or demonstrate
- Exhilarate: to refresh or stimulate
- Exhort: to appeal to or to warn
- Exhume: to disinter or to rectify neglect
- Exile: to drive out
- Exist: to continue to be or to have being
- Expect: to await or to suppose
- Expectorate: to discharge or spit
- Expedite: to cause to occur quickly, or to dispatch or issue
- Expel: to eject
- Expend: to spend, use up, or utilize
- Experience: to learn or sense by direct participation or observation
A to Z Transport Names in English with Pictures
What is Transportation?
Transportation means moving people or goods from one place to another using different types of vehicles. It includes land transport, water transport, and air transport. Transport plays a big role in our daily activities, business, and traveling.
For example:
- Land Transportation (Road & Rail): Car, Bus, Motorcycle
- Water Transportation: Ship, Boat, Yacht
- Air Transportation: Airplane, Helicopter, Jet
Why Do We Need to Learn About Transport?
Learning about transport helps us in many ways:
- It improves English vocabulary.
- It helps in traveling and giving directions.
- It makes it easier to talk about daily life activities.
- It helps kids and students understand different modes of transport.
- It is useful in reading books, maps, and road signs.
Common Transport Names in English
Here are important and commonly used transport names with descriptions:
Car – A four-wheeled vehicle used for personal travel.
Bus – A large motor vehicle that carries many passengers.
Truck – A heavy-duty vehicle used for transporting goods.
Bicycle – A two-wheeled vehicle powered by pedaling.
Motorcycle – A two-wheeled motor-powered vehicle.
Van – A medium-sized vehicle for carrying passengers or goods.
Train – A series of connected cars running on tracks.
Metro – An underground or overground city train for public transport.
Tram – A rail vehicle that runs on city streets.
Rickshaw – A small three-wheeled vehicle, usually for short distances.
Scooter – A two-wheeled vehicle with a step-through frame.
Taxi – A car used for paid passenger transport.
Ambulance – A vehicle used for medical emergencies.
Fire Truck – A special vehicle for firefighters.
Police Car – A vehicle used by police officers.
Boat – A small watercraft for traveling on lakes and rivers.
Ship – A large vessel for sea transportation.
Submarine – A watercraft that travels underwater.
Helicopter – An aircraft with rotating blades.
Airplane – A large flying vehicle for air travel.
Hot Air Balloon – A balloon-powered aircraft for leisure travel.
Cable Car – A transport system that moves on cables.
Hovercraft – A vehicle that moves over water or land using air pressure.
Jet Ski – A small water vehicle powered by a jet engine.
Ferry – A boat used to carry passengers or vehicles across water.
A to Z Transport Names in English
Here is a complete list of transport names from A to Z:
- A – Airplane, Ambulance, Auto-rickshaw
- B – Bicycle, Boat, Bus, Bullet Train
- C – Car, Cargo Ship, Cable Car, Canoe
- D – Dump Truck, Drone, Dirt Bike
- E – Electric Car, Express Train
- F – Fire Truck, Ferry, Fighter Jet
- G – Golf Cart, Glider, Garbage Truck
- H – Helicopter, Hovercraft, Hot Air Balloon
- I – Icebreaker Ship, Intercity Bus
- J – Jet, Jeep, Jet Ski
- K – Kayak, Kart, Kick Scooter
- L – Limousine, Light Rail, Locomotive
- M – Metro, Monorail, Motorcycle
- N – Narrowboat, Naval Ship
- O – Oil Tanker, Off-road Bike
- P – Police Car, Pickup Truck, Passenger Train
- Q – Quad Bike, Qantas Airplane
- R – Rickshaw, Road Roller, Raft
- S – Ship, School Bus, Snowmobile, Submarine
- T – Taxi, Tram, Tractor, Trolleybus
- U – Unicycle, Utility Vehicle
- V – Van, Vessel, Vintage Car
- W – Wagon, Water Taxi, Wheelchair Van
- X – X-plane, XUV (Crossover Utility Vehicle)
- Y – Yacht, Yellow Taxi
- Z – Zeppelin, Zip Line
Different Types of Transportation Names
Here is a list of 200 types of transportation names categorized by mode:
Land Transportation Names
- Car
- Bus
- Motorcycle
- Bicycle
- Truck
- Scooter
- Taxi
- Auto Rickshaw
- Van
- Jeep
- Limousine
- Ambulance
- Fire Truck
- Police Car
- School Bus
- Minibus
- Coach
- Electric Car
- Pickup Truck
- Convertible
- Sports Car
- Hybrid Car
- Formula 1 Car
- Monster Truck
- Snowmobile
- Ice Cream Truck
- Golf Cart
- Delivery Van
- Food Truck
- Armored Vehicle
- Dump Truck
- Tank
- Segway
- Hoverboard
- Skateboard
- Roller Skates
- Wheelchair
- Unicycle
- Go-Kart
- Quad Bike
- Motorized Scooter
- Road Train
- Rickshaw
- Horse Cart
- Bullock Cart
- Camel Cart
- Tractor
- Harvesting Machine
- Plow Cart
- Metro Train
- Passenger Train
- Freight Train
- Bullet Train
- Steam Train
- Diesel Train
- Electric Train
- Maglev Train
- Tram
- Cable Car
- Subway
- Funicular Railway
- Trolleybus
- Light Rail
- Monorail
- Rail Tanker
- Handcar
- Track Inspection Vehicle
- High-Speed Rail
- Rail Crane
- Railcar
- Train Locomotive
- Hopper Car
- Metro Coach
- Gondola Lift
- Horse-Drawn Tram
- Logging Train
- Toy Train
- Heritage Train
- Circus Train
- Vintage Car
Water Transportation Names
- Ship
- Boat
- Canoe
- Kayak
- Yacht
- Ferry
- Speedboat
- Submarine
- Hovercraft
- Jet Ski
- Fishing Boat
- Houseboat
- Sailboat
- Rowboat
- Barge
- Cruise Ship
- Cargo Ship
- Naval Ship
- Oil Tanker
- Tugboat
- Pontoon Boat
- Paddle Boat
- Gondola
- Long-tail Boat
- Raft
- Motorboat
- Inflatable Boat
- Ocean Liner
- Glass-Bottom Boat
- Icebreaker Ship
- Research Vessel
- Rescue Boat
- Amphibious Vehicle
- Battleship
- Pirate Ship
- Catamaran
- Trimaran
- Dragon Boat
- Pontoon Raft
- Hydroplane
- Sampan
- Floating Market Boat
- Car Carrier Ship
- Hospital Ship
- Water Taxi
- Riverboat
- Dhow
- Pearl Diving Boat
- Clipper Ship
- Banana Boat
Air Transportation Names
- Airplane
- Helicopter
- Hot Air Balloon
- Jet
- Cargo Plane
- Passenger Plane
- Fighter Jet
- Private Jet
- Air Ambulance
- Glider
- Seaplane
- Ultralight Aircraft
- Hang Glider
- Drone
- Paraglider
- Airship
- Zeppelin
- Space Shuttle
- Rocket
- Military Transport Aircraft
- Supersonic Jet
- Commercial Airliner
- Charter Plane
- Crop Duster
- Airborne Surveillance Plane
- Amphibian Plane
- Paper Airplane (toy)
- Autogyro
- Biplane
- Triplane
- Bush Plane
- Turbojet
- Turboprop Airplane
- Blimp
- Concorde (Supersonic Airplane)
- Skydiving Plane
- Mail Plane
- Experimental Aircraft
- Flying Car
- Lunar Lander
Space Transportation Names
- Rocket
- Space Shuttle
- Space Capsule
- Satellite
- Space Rover
- Space Probe
- Space Station
- Space Lander
- Moon Buggy
- Mars Rover
Animal-Powered Transportation Names
- Horse Cart
- Camel Ride
- Elephant Ride
- Bullock Cart
- Dog Sled
- Horseback Riding
- Donkey Cart
- Reindeer Sleigh
- Yak Caravan
- Buffalo Cart
- Llama Pack
- Zebra Ride
- Ox-Drawn Wagon
- Pony Ride
- Goat Cart
- Water Buffalo Plow
- Traditional Ox Cart
- Sheep Pack
- Mule Caravan
- Ostrich Ride